Apoptosis and Degenerative Diseases - Bgbunict.it

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The illustration shows a neuron undergoing acommon form of apoptosis.(A) The healthy neuron has a defined cellmembrane and the cytoplasm and nucleus, whichcontains DNA, are intact.(B) When apoptosis kicks in, the cell contorts andthe DNA breaks up.(C) In the final stage of apoptosis, the cell isbroken into membrane-bound pieces. Specializedcells called macrophages or microglia remove thedebris.
The cell begins to shrink following the cleavage of laminsand actin filaments in the cytoskeleton (A).The breakdown of chromatin in the nucleus often leads tonuclear condensation and in many cases the nuclei ofapoptotic cells take on a "horse-shoe" like appearance (B).Cells continue to shrink (C), packaging themselves into aform that allows for their removal by macrophages.The end stages of apoptosis are often characterised by theappearance of membrane blebs (D) or blisters process.Small vesicles called apoptotic bodies are also sometimesobserved (D, arrow).
Page 1 and 2: Apoptosisand Degenerative diseasesC
Page 3 and 4: Cell death modalities
Page 5: ApoptosisApoptosis is characterized
Page 9: Removal of dead cellsDying cells th
Page 12 and 13: Caspases(cysteine aspartic acidspec
Page 14 and 15: Caspases coordinate demolition of k
Page 16: Apoptotic PathwaysMitochondrial:act
Page 19: Apoptotic PathwaysDeath receptor (e
Page 22 and 23: Following TRADD binding, three path
Page 24 and 25: The activation of NF-κBThe recepto
Page 26 and 27: The ER stress responseApoptosis, as
Page 28 and 29: There is an intensive cross talk be
Page 30: Members of the ‘BH3- only’ subg
Page 34 and 35: The number of people with neurodege
Page 36 and 37: A - In Alzheimer’s disease, neuro
Page 38 and 39: Many signals can initiate or ‘tri
Page 40 and 41: Roles for altered synaptic signalli
Page 42 and 43: Oxidative stress refers to a state
Page 44 and 45: Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s
Page 46 and 47: Degenerating neurons show aggregate
Page 48 and 49: Cleavage of APP within the Aβ sequ
Page 50 and 51: NFTs consist of paired helical fila
Page 52 and 53: A series of studies showed that APP
Page 54 and 55: The implication of APP cleavage at
Page 56 and 57:
More recently, transgenic mice stud
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Despite the high protein levels oft
Page 61:
Can targeted inhibition of this cla
Page 64 and 65:
Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson's di
Page 66 and 67:
Although subject to intensive resea
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Defective clearance of modified,tox
Page 70 and 71:
Fas-associated factor 1Caspase acti
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-FAF1 levels were significantly inc
Page 74 and 75:
Huntington’s DiseaseHD is an auto
Page 76 and 77:
How does mutant huntingtin promote
Page 79 and 80:
Wild-type htt is predominantly cyto
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NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES ANDTHE M
Page 83 and 84:
MAPK activation occurs through a ca
Page 85 and 86:
MAPKs and Huntington DiseaseMany st
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Current therapies are focused on co
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Apoptosis and Degenerative Diseases - Bgbunict.it

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