Feed Peas in diets for shrimp tilapia and milkfish - Northern Pulse ...

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Feed Pea (Pisum Sativum) As An Alternative Protein SourceIn The Diets Of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (L.)Corazon B. Santiago, Perla S. Eusebio, and Timothy P. WelshAbstractA study was conducted to test feed pea (Pisum sativum) as a protein source in Nile tilapia diets and todetermine its digestibility. In experiment 1, fishmeal-based diets were used to allow the maximum level offeed pea as fishmeal protein substitute. Prepared as dry pellets, the test diets were isonitrogenous (30%crude protein) and approximately isocaloric (14 kJ g -1 ). Fish meal supplied about 28% protein in the diets.Feed peas (12.7-63.3% of the diet) substituted up to 50% of fishmeal protein. The control diet did notcontain peas. Manually sexed male Nile tilapia, weighing 32-39 g per fish at stocking, were used. The fishwere reared in polyethylene tanks (58x37x27 cm) with aeration. Water was static but was partially changeddaily. Water temperature for the whole duration of the experiment ranged from 22-27°C. Fish were allowedto feed to satiation twice daily. The various inclusion levels of feed peas did not affect the body weight,feeding activity and feed efficiency of the tilapia. Weight gain after 9 weeks (range: 21.7+5.6-34.0+9.3 g) didnot differ significantly among treatments (P>0.05). Survival rates were highly variable (40-75%) andmortality was not related to treatment. For experiment 2, plant-based tilapia diets were also designed to beisonitrogenous and isocaloric. Feed peas in the diets ranged from 5.9-41.0%. Feed peas substituted up to35% of the plant protein (or up to 29% of total dietary protein). Separate feeding trials were conducted ontwo strains of all-male tilapia (CLSU and BFAR strains) using the same test diets and larger tanks(90x78x43 cm). Water temperature during the two trials ranged from 23-27°C. After 12 weeks of feeding,weight gain did not differ significantly among treatments in each tilapia strain (45.5+7.8-57.4+12.4 g for theCLSU strain; 52.5+4.4-74.1+9.2 g for the BFAR strain). FCR and PER were not significantly differentamong treatments. Survival was 100% in all tanks in both trials. Determined with the use of chromic oxideas a marker, the apparent protein digestibility of feed pea as ingredient was 87.2+2.0%. Diets inexperiments 1 and 2 that contained peas had more than 90% protein digestibility. Overall, feed pea is analternative protein source that can be used routinely in the diets of Nile tilapia.Key words: Tilapia nutrition; Peas; Alternative protein source; Fishmeal substitute; DigestibilityIntroductionFish meal is a major source of highly digestible nutrients and is a palatable ingredient in fish diets. It can bethe cheapest protein source, at times, based on the price per kilogram of protein (Hardy, 2000). However,the demand for fish meal by various food production sectors (e.g., poultry, livestock and aquaculture) isincreasing while the supply is stagnating or even decreasing (Starkey, 1994). This causes the rising cost offish meal. In view of the need to minimize dependence of aquaculture feeds on fish meal, the search foralternative protein sources has been an international concern.The most commonly used plant protein sources that could partially substitute fish meal in fish diets are oilseed meals, some leaf meals, and cereals and their by-products (Gerpacio and Castillo, 1979; Zamora andBaguio, 1984; Tacon, 1987; NRC, 1993; Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000). Various feedstuffs,including grain legumes, have been tested as fishmeal substitutes in farmed tilapia (El-Sayed, 1999). Thegrain legumes are also called pulses, which refer to edible seeds of plants with pods belonging to the familyLeguminocae (Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000). Lupins, beans, black and green gram, (feed or field)pea and several other peas (cow pea, chick pea) belong to this category. Although they are used in poultry,swine, and cattle feeds, peas are not among the ingredients ordinarily added in fish diets. However, thedigestibility of several species of legume seeds has been studied in young tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(De Silva et al. 1988), juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Gomes et al., 1995; Pfeffer et al.,1995; Burel et al., 2000), turbot (Psetta maxima) (Burel et al., 2000), and Australian silver perch (Bidyanusbidyanus) (Allan et al., 2000). Feed pea (Pisum sativum), in particular, has been tested to replace fish mealin the diets of rainbow trout (Gouveia et al., 1993), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (Gouveia andDavies, 1998), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Carter and Hauler, 2000). Because of its high potentialas a fish feed ingredient, feed pea has to be tested in other important food fish, including tilapia. Thus, thepresent study was conducted to determine the effect of levels of dietary feed peas on the growth andsurvival of juvenile Nile tilapia and on feed efficiency. The digestibility of feed peas as an ingredient and ofdiets containing feed peas was also determined.Materials and Methods1. Experimental dietsTwo sets of diets in dry pellet form were tested in two separate experiments. For experiment 1, six fishmealbaseddiets (Table 1) were designed to contain 30% crude protein and digestible energy of about 14 kJ g -1 .The computed amino acids in the diets, based on the amino acid contents of the ingredients, met or11
exceeded amino acid requirements of young Nile tilapia (Santiago and Lovell, 1988). A fishmeal-based dietallowed the incorporation of high levels of feed peas in the test diets. The feed peas (12.7-63.3% of thediet) substituted 10-50% of fishmeal protein, or about 9-48% of total dietary protein. The diet without feedpeas served as a control. Because of the high nitrogen-free extract (NFE) in feed peas, the diets had aboutthe same energy content, but the supplemental starch and oil decreased as the feed pea in the dietincreased. Based on the actual analysis of protein, lipid, and NFE, however, the digestible energy of thediet with the highest feed pea (63.3%) was slightly lower (Table 1).In experiment 2, eight plant-based diets containing only 8% fish meal were used (Table 2). The diets werealso designed to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric as in experiment 1. Dietary feed peas (5.9-41.0%)substituted 5-35% of plant protein or about 4-30% of total dietary protein. Substitution of protein fromsoybean meal, copra (coconut) meal and rice bran by the feed peas was maintained at a ratio of 2:1:1.The fish meal used in experiments 1 and 2 was obtained in two batches. The commercial fish meal,soybean meal and copra meal were ground and sieved using a No. 45 standard testing sieve before use.The dry feed peas were ground whole, including hulls, into powder form. Analyses showed that the peascontained 22.32% crude protein, 1.17% crude fat, 3.36% ash, 3.25% crude fiber, and 58.32% nitrogen-freeextract. These values are close to those reported for feed peas (Muehlbauer and Tullu, 1997; PulseCanada, 1999a; Racz, 1999).2. Experimental fish and tanksThree strains of tilapia juveniles were obtained for the study. The young fish were reared in the laboratoryfor 6-8 weeks before use. During this time, the fish were fed dry pellets without feed peas. Each batch offish was sorted three times during acclimatization to ensure uniformity in size at stocking.The fish in experiment 1 were manually sexed male Nile tilapia juveniles (BFS strain) produced in theStation. Each fish weighed 32-39 g at stocking. Twenty-four polyethylene tanks measuring 58x37x27 cmwere filled with 40 l of water and randomly stocked with five fish each.In experiment 2, two all-male tilapia strains were used in separate feeding trials. The CLSU strainindividually weighed 24-31 g at stocking; the BFAR strain, 25-37 g each. Five tilapia juveniles (CLSU strain)were stocked in each of 24 polyethylene tanks (90x78x43 cm) filled with 180 l of water. In the other feedingtrial, 16 tanks were randomly stocked with six juveniles (BFAR strain) per tank.3. Feeding treatments, sampling and water managementEach of the feeding experiments was conducted in a completely randomized design. In experiment 1, therewere six dietary treatments with four replicates each. The treatments represented levels of fishmeal proteinsubstitution by the feed peas. In each of the two feeding trials in experiment 2, there were eight treatmentsor levels of plant protein substitution by feed peas. Each of the dietary treatments had three replicates forthe CLSU strain or two replicates for the BFAR strain.Feeding was done twice daily at 0900 and 1400h for 9 weeks in experiment 1 and for 12 weeks inexperiment 2. The amount of feed given to the fish at each feeding exceeded satiation level to ensure thatthe feed was not limiting. Excess feed was collected 1-1.5 hours after each feeding, dried in an oven,weighed and used in the calculation of feed consumption by difference. The amount of feed consumed wasback calculated to be equivalent to about 5% of fish biomass.In all feeding trials, body weight of fish was measured weekly for the first 4 weeks and biweekly in thesucceeding weeks except in experiment 1 when the final measurements were done after 9 weeks. Totallength of fish was measured at stocking and during harvest. Feed conversion ratio (FCR, the amount offeed consumed divided by weight gain of fish), protein efficiency ratio (PER, weight gain divided by weightof protein consumed), and survival rate were determined for each tank.Deep well water stored in a reservoir was used for the growth trials. Water in the rearing tanks was staticbut was partially changed (1/4-1/3 of the volume) daily. All rearing tanks were provided with aeration.Temperature was determined daily in the morning and afternoon. Dissolved oxygen was monitored everymorning before water was partially changed with the use of YSI DO meter (Model 55/25 FT). The pH wasmeasured with a pH meter (Beckman, Model PHI 50). Total ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) was determinedweekly before changing of water in the morning by the Nessler method with the use of a Hach kit(DREL/2010).12
Page 2 and 3: Final Project ReportTitle:Utilizati
Page 4 and 5: SUMMARYThis report summarizes the r
Page 6 and 7: Utilization Of Feed Pea, Pisum Sati
Page 8 and 9: were thawed and pooled prior to fre
Page 10 and 11: Table 3Composition of reference and
Page 12 and 13: Table 10Percent recovery of experim
Page 16 and 17: Water temperature for the whole dur
Page 18 and 19: of competing protein sources. The d
Page 20 and 21: Table 4Mean initial weight and tota
Page 22 and 23: Hanley, F., 1987. The digestibility
Page 24 and 25: experimental diets are presented in
Page 26 and 27: The results of the digestibility tr
Page 28 and 29: Table 3Composition (g/100g diet) of
Page 30: USA Dry Pea& Lentil CouncilHead Off

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