Feed Peas in diets for shrimp tilapia and milkfish - Northern Pulse ...

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SUMMARYThis report summarizes the results of experiments conducted to test the efficacy of feed pea meal (Pisumsativum) as an alternative protein source in the diets for tilapia, milkfish, and shrimp. All formulations werebased on the known nutrient requirements (e.g., protein, fat, carbohydrate, protein:energy ratio,indispensable amino acids) of the species specified.Study 1. Shrimp (Penaeus monodon, Fabricius)The potential of feed pea meal as an alternative protein source in practical diets for juvenile tiger shrimpwas assessed in a 12-week feeding trial. Formulated diets were made isonitrogenous (40% crude protein)and isocaloric (14.5 kJ g –1 ). The control diet contained fish meal, soybean meal, squid meal, shrimp meal,shrimp head meal as protein sources. Protein from feed pea meal replaced 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% ofthe protein from defatted soybean meal in the diets. These values were equivalent to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25%,respectively, of the total protein in the diet. A negative control with no protein sources was added to thetreatment. Twelve shrimp post-larvae with an average weight of 0.02±0.01g were randomly assigned in 35,60-l oval tanks equipped with a flow-through seawater system. The shrimp were fed the formulated diets ata daily feeding rate of 20-25% body weight in 5 replicate samples.Results showed no significant differences in % weight gain (WG)(5162 to 5839); specific growth rate (SGR)(4.4-4.6); feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.2-1.9); protein efficiency ratio (PER) (1.2-1.7); survival (SURV)(75-100) of shrimp fed diets with 0 up to the highest level of replacement. Weight gain of shrimp fed thenegative control (364) was significantly lower (P>0.05) compared to the rest of the treatments.The apparent dry matter (ADMD) and protein (APD) digestibilities of the dry feed pea in P. monodon werehigh at 73.38±4.98% and 92.74±2.62%, respectively. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter (71-77%) andprotein (83-88%) for the feed pea meal-based diets increased with increasing level of feed peareplacement.The results indicate that whole feed pea meal can be an alternative protein source for shrimp. It cansubstitute even up to 100% of the protein from defatted soybean meal, which is equivalent to 25% of thetotal protein in the diet. An inclusion level of up to 42% in the juvenile shrimp practical diet did not manifestany adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, survival, body composition, and digestibility coefficients fordry matter and protein of the shrimp.Study 2. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)The tilapia experiments made use of fish meal-based (experiment 1) and plant-based (experiment 2) dietsto allow maximum level of feed pea as a protein source. In both experiments, all test diets were madeisonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (14 kJ g –1 ). Water temperature during the feeding trialsranged from 22-27°CExperiment 1. Fish meal supplied about 28% protein in the diets. Feed peas (12.7-63.3% of the diet)substituted up to 50% of fish meal protein. Manually sexed male Nile tilapia, each weighing 32-39g atstocking, were used. The fish were reared in polyethylene tanks (58x37x27 cm) with aeration undercontrolled conditions. Water was static and was partially replaced once a day. Fish were allowed to feed tosatiation twice daily.The various inclusion levels of feed peas did not affect body weight, feeding activity, and feed efficiency ofthe tilapia. Weight gain after 9 weeks (range: 21.7±5.6 to 34.0±9.3g) did not differ significantly amongtreatments (P>0.05). Survival rates were highly variable (40-75%) and not significantly different. Mortalitywas not related to treatment. FCR (3.2 to 4.2) and PER (0.8 to 1.0) were not significantly different amongtreatments.Experiment 2. Feed peas in the diets ranged from 5.9-41%. Feed peas substituted up to 35% of the plantprotein (or up to about 30% of total dietary protein). The control diet contained fish meal, soybean meal,and copra meal as principal protein sources. Separate feeding trials were conducted on two strains of allmaletilapia (CLSU and BFAR strains) under controlled conditions using the same test diets and biggertanks (90x78x43 cm).There were no significant differences in weight gain among treatments after 12 weeks of feeding (45.5-±7.8to 57.4±12.4g for the CLSU strain; 52.5±4.4 to 74.1±9.2g for the BFAR strain). Moreover, FCR (3.2 to 4.0)or PER (0.9 to 1.0) were not significantly different among treatments. Survival was 100% in all tanks inboth trials.1
Digestibility Experiments. As ingredient in tilapia diet, feed pea has apparent dry matter digestibility(ADMD) of 69.3+1.8% and apparent protein digestibility (APD) of 87.2±2.0%. The digestibility of some ofthe diets used in experiments 1 and 2 was also determined in separate feeding trials. The ADMD of thediets increased as feed pea inclusion level increased. The APD of the fishmeal-based diets or the plantbaseddiets were all high, exceeding 90%.Overall, feed pea meal may substitute up to 50% of fish meal protein (equivalent to 63.3% feed pea) and35% of the plant proteins (41% feed pea) in the diets of Nile tilapia without any adverse effect on fishgrowth and survival.Study 3. Milkfish (Chanos chanos, Forsskal)The efficacy of feed pea meal as an alternative protein source for milkfish was tested in a 12-week feedingtrial. All test diets were made isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (15.7 kJ g –1 ). The controldiet contained fish meal, soybean meal, meat and bone meal, and copra meal as protein sources. Feedpea meal was substituted at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% of total protein. A leading commercial milkfishfeed was also tested as an additional control. The experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups ofmilkfish fingerlings (mean initial weight =0.42±0.01g) at 10% body weight /day.Results showed that % weight gain (WG) of milkfish juveniles fed diets with 5% (WG= 833.1) and 10%(WG=835.3) feed pea inclusion did not significantly differ from that of the SEAFDEC control diet (0% feedpea inclusion; WG=834.8). However, % weight gain obtained for milkfish juveniles fed with 15%(WG=691.0) and 20% (WG=680.0) feed pea inclusion in the diet were significantly higher than thecommercial milkfish feed formulation (no feed pea inclusion, WG=581.4). Survival ranged from 70-90%.FCR was between 2.1 to 2.60 while PER ranged from 1.15 to 1.44.Dietary crude protein digestibility values of the experimental diets were 84.8 to 89.2% suggesting that feedpea protein is well digested by milkfish.Over-all results indicate that feed peas could be used as an alternate dietary protein source for milkfishjuveniles. Optimum level of inclusion without amino acid supplementation is 10% of the dietary protein(131g feed pea/kg dry diet). Dietary protein inclusion levels up to 20% feed peas (260g/kg diet) are stillacceptable.General ConclusionsThese feeding trials clearly demonstrate that whole feed pea can be incorporated as an alternative proteinsource in diets for tilapia, milkfish, and shrimp. Since feed peas have a moderate protein content (23-25%)compared to fish meal (65-70%), their incorporation in fish diets needs to be balanced with other proteiningredients, especially for fish that require high protein levels in their diet. In this case, feed pea cantherefore be used as one of the ingredients that would collectively replace fish meal in practical diets.The replacement of other plant protein sources with feed pea is possible as evidenced by the studiesconducted. Feed peas contain high levels of lysine, which could complement the amino acids of otheringredient substitutes that are deficient in such amino acids. The relatively low level of sulfur amino acids(i.e., methionine and cystine) in feed pea meal may limit the use of this plant protein source dependingupon the requirement of the species and the diet formulation.The pea variety used in these studies contains low levels of anti-nutritional factors and is similar to mostfeed pea varieties now supplied in global markets. Thus, positive results were obtained for shrimp andtilapia, even at high levels of incorporation in the diets. The relatively lower performance of milkfishcompared to shrimp and tilapia, even with feed pea comprising 15% of the diet, may be attributed to aminoacid deficiencies or possibly to effects from certain anti-nutritional factors. However, it is notable that thegrowth response of milkfish fed the 15% feed pea diet was still better than from the commercial milkfishdiet, which contained no feed pea, so further study is needed.The availability of feed pea meal as an alternative protein source for tilapia, milkfish, and shrimp may openavenues for commercial producers to reduce feed costs. Feed peas have a higher carbohydrate content(65-67%) compared to soybean meal (44-45%), which may provide a lower cost and more digestible energysource for the animals.2
Page 2 and 3: Final Project ReportTitle:Utilizati
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Page 10 and 11: Table 3Composition of reference and
Page 12 and 13: Table 10Percent recovery of experim
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Page 18 and 19: of competing protein sources. The d
Page 20 and 21: Table 4Mean initial weight and tota
Page 22 and 23: Hanley, F., 1987. The digestibility
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Page 26 and 27: The results of the digestibility tr
Page 28 and 29: Table 3Composition (g/100g diet) of
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Feed Peas in diets for shrimp tilapia and milkfish - Northern Pulse ...

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