Clinical Trials

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❘❙❚■ Chapter 18 | Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals4. Salsburg D. Hypothesis testing. In: Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Armitage P, Colton T, editors.New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998:1969–76.5. Chow SC, Liu JP. Design and Analysis of <strong>Clinical</strong> <strong>Trials</strong>: Concept and Methodologies.New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.6. Sterne JA, Davey Smith G. Sifting the evidence – what’s wrong with significance tests?BMJ 2001;322:226–31.196
■■❚❙❘Chapter 19Comparison of MeansDuolao Wang, Felicity Clemens,and Tim ClaytonData on efficacy and safety in clinical trials often take the formof continuous (or quantitative or numerical) variables. They areusually summarized descriptively by statistics such as numberof observations, mean or median, and standard deviation orrange by treatment groups, and by graphics such as histograms,box plots, and dot plots. In this chapter, we describe statisticalmethods for evaluating treatment effects for a quantitativelymeasured outcome using hypothesis testing and confidenceintervals, and demonstrate their uses and interpretationsthrough examples.197
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❘❙❚■ ContributorsStephen L
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Clinical Trials: A Practical Guide
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 1RandomizedC
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 2 | Uncontroll
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 3Protocol De
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 4EndpointsAm
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 5Patient Sel
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 6Source and
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 8 | BlindingAs
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 9 | Sample Siz
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■■❚❙❘Part IIAlternativeTr
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 10 | Crossover
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 11 | Factorial
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 14 | Noninferi
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 15 | Cluster R
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❘❙❚■ Chapter 15 | Cluster R
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■■❚❙❘Part IVSpecial Trial
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 22Intention-
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 23Subgroup A
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 24Regression
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 25Adjustment
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 26Confoundin
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 27Interactio
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 28RepeatedMe
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 29Multiplici
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 32Overview o
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 33Trial Prof
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 34Presenting
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 35Use of Tab
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 36Use of Fig
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 37Critical A
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■■❚❙❘Chapter 38Meta-Analy
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■■❚❙❘GlossaryGlossary453
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■■❚❙❘IndexIndex467
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Clinical Trials

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