Obesity Epidemiology

INDEX 489quality of life, 427self-esteem, 426social and psychosocial consequences, 425-427studies of sleep and weight in, 323-324teasing and bullying, 426weight status, 417Children Health Questionnaire(CHQ-PF50), 251China, 21, 276, 330BMIs, 69CHD, 175gene-environment interactions and obesity, 473Cholelithiasia. See GallstonesCholesterolhigh-density lipoprotein (HDL), 39, 67, 91, 94,149, 150, 156, 180low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 39, 91Chromium, 94Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 149, 163-164Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),41, 216Cigarette smoking, 39Circadian rhythms, 337Cirrhosis, 202Cleveland Children’s Sleep and Health Study, 252Cluster analysis, 108, 109Coffee, 285Cognitive heart failure (CHF), 174, 188obesity paradox, 188reverse epidemiology, 189Cohort studies in analytic epidemiologic design,30-34College Alumni Questionnaire, 133Colorectal cancer, 200, 206Computed tomography (CT), 7, 53, 55, 58Confounder and mediator, 43Confounding, 39-41, 103Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals,85, 290energy density and body weight, 291Cooper’s 12-minute run, 131Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults(CARDIA) study, 30, 34, 131, 280, 307, 382,418, 419, 421diet history, 88fast-food habits, 289, 290physical activity and obesity, 312Coronary heart disease (CHD), 174, 182-183fatness versus fitness in predicting, 183-186joint associations of BMI and physical activitywith, 186joint associations of WHR and BMI with, 180relative importance of BMI and body fatdistribution, 178-180risk, weight gain and, 181-182Cortisol, 321, 337and adiposity, 377and obesity, 391-392C-reactive protein (CRP), 153, 377, 390, 393Cushing’s syndrome, 392Cytokines, 40, 152, 162, 377Dairy products and calcium and body weight,282-283, 292Death, early, 221Denmark, 34, 420Danish Adoption Register, genetics of obesity, 442energy density and body weight, 291study on obesity and mortality, 226Densitometry, 53, 54-57Depression, 41, 216and obesity, 361-364Deuterium, 57, 89Developmental origins of health and disease(DOHaD), 402-403Developmental origins of obesity, 399clinical and public health implications, 408-409combination of pre- and postnatal factors, 407-408modifiable developmental determinants, 403-408postnatal determinants, 406-407prenatal determinants, 403-408Diabetes mellitus, 180in child and adolescents, 424lifestyle risk factors, 157relative effects of adiposity and physical activityon, 159-160type 2, 5, 149, 154, 157, 399Diabetes Control and Complications Trial(DCCT), 88Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM-IV), 362Diet/dietary24-hour recalls, 84, 85assessment, 31, 32, 293doubly labeled water (DLW) method, 89indices, 108, 109measurement error corrections, 106-108measures, reference method limitation forvalidation of, 97methods in obesity epidemiologic studies, 84-88method of triads, 98-99validation of, 95-101fat, 275, 276, 419intake among children, 428and nutrition, 275pattern analyses, 108-110, 286-288portion size and obesity, 290and weight gain, 417-420Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 277Dilution method. See HydrometryDisease biomarkers, 70Diverse Populations Collaboration, 175, 176, 221Dortmund Nutritional and AnthropometricLongitudinally Designed (DONALD)study, 419Doubly labeled water (DLW)in dietary assessments, 89in physical activity measurements, 123