Obesity Epidemiology

454 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF DETERMINANTS OF OBESITYstudies of obesity. The identified associations need to be replicated in different ethnic andracial groups. Furthermore, fine mapping and functional studies are required to identifythe causal variants. Animal models of obesity, gene expression studies, and advances ingenomics technology will continue to provide new insights into biological mechanismsof obesity as well as new tools for genetic epidemiologic research.References1. Hofbauer KG. Molecular pathways to obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.2002;26(Suppl 2):S18-S27.2. Cummings DE, Schwartz MW. Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity. AnnuRev Med. 2003;54:453-471.3. Clement K, Ferre P. Genetics and the pathophysiology of obesity. Pediatr Res.2003;53:721-725.4. Bell CG, Walley AJ, Froguel P. The genetics of human obesity. Nat Rev Genet.2005;6:221-234.5. Clement K. Genetics of human obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64:133-142.6. Clement K. Genetics of human obesity. C R Biol. 2006;329:608-622.7. Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. Monogenic obesity in humans. Annu Rev Med. 2005;56:443-458.8. Farooqi IS, Wangensteen T, Collins S, et al. Clinical and molecular genetic spectrumof congenital deficiency of the leptin receptor. N Engl J Med. 2007;18:237-247.9. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positionalcloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994;372:425-432.10. Horvath TL, Diano S, Sotonyi P, Heiman M, Tschop M. Minireview: ghrelin andthe regulation of energy balance—a hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology.2001;142:4163-4169.11. Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associatedwith severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 1997;387:903-908.12. Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cellhyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenitalleptin deficiency. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:1093-1103.13. Chen H, Charlat O, Tartaglia LA, et al. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes theleptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice.Cell. 1996;84:491-495.14. Chua SC Jr, Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, et al. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and ratfatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science. 1996;271:994-996.15. Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor genecauses obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature. 1998;392:398-401.16. Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S, et al. Obesity and impaired prohormoneprocessing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene. NatGenet. 1997;16:303-306.17. Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Farooqi IS, et al. Small-intestinal dysfunction accompaniesthe complex endocrinopathy of human proprotein convertase 1 deficiency. J ClinInvest. 2003;112:1550-1560.18. Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Gruters A. Severe early-onsetobesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations inhumans. Nat Genet. 1998;19:155-157.19. Krude H, Biebermann H, Schnabel D, et al. Obesity due to proopiomelanocortindeficiency: three new cases and treatment trials with thyroid hormone and ACTH4-10.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4633-4640.20. Krude H, Biebermann H, Gruters A. Mutations in the human proopiomelanocortingene. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003;994:233-239.