Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
6 Otvos<br />
was designed based on ligand-binding models of the Grb2 SH2 protein domain<br />
(30). As a third example, paper-bound peptide arrays identified nanomolar<br />
antagonists to E-selectin in vitro with ensuing inhibition of lung metastasis at<br />
a 30 mg/kg single dose in vivo (31). Chapter 6 presents the state of the art in<br />
the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structural analysis of peptides and their<br />
interactions with target molecules. If the conformations involved are known, we<br />
can switch to computer-assisted de novo design of potent agonists or antagonists,<br />
as described in Chapter 7. Finally, if the computer modeling does not provide<br />
peptides with the expected activities in the molecular assays, high-throughput<br />
screening on peptide macroarrays, as outlined in Chapter 4, can come to rescue.<br />
Actually, I truly believe that the concomitant use of all these designing and<br />
screening techniques together with the rest of the methodologies presented in<br />
this book will offer the greatest hope for the successful development of many<br />
peptide-based drugs to save or improve our lives and those of our companion<br />
animals.<br />
References<br />
1. Loffet, A. (2002) <strong>Peptide</strong>s as drugs: Is there a market? J. Pept. Sci. 8, 1–7.<br />
2. Ryser, H.J., and Fluckiger, R. (2005) Progress in targeting HIV-1 entry. <strong>Drug</strong> Discov.<br />
Today 10, 1085–1094.<br />
3. Kazmierski, W.M., Kenakin, T.P., and Gudmundsson, K.S. (2006) <strong>Peptide</strong>,<br />
peptidomimetic and small molecule drug discovery targeting HIV-1 host-cell<br />
attachment and entry through gp120, gp41, CCR5 and CXCR4. Chem. Biol. <strong>Drug</strong><br />
Des. 67, 13–26.<br />
4. Mack, M., Luckow, B., Nelson, P.J., et al. (1998) Aminooxypentane-RANTES<br />
induces CCR5 internalization but inhibits recycling: a novel inhibitory mechanism<br />
of HIV infectivity. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1215–1224.<br />
5. Hartley, O., Gaertner, H., Wilken, J., et al. (2004) Medicinal chemistry applied to<br />
a synthetic protein: Development of highly potent HIV entry inhibitors. Proc. Natl.<br />
Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16460–16465.<br />
6. Powell, M.F., Stewart, T., Otvos, L., Jr., et al. (1993) <strong>Peptide</strong> stability in drug development.<br />
II. Effect of single amino acid substitution and glycosylation on peptide<br />
reactivity in human serum. Pharmacol. Res. 10, 1268–1273.<br />
7. Polt, R., Porreca, F., Szabo, L Z., et al. (1994). Glycopeptide enkephalin analogues<br />
produce analgesia in mice; evidence for penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Proc.<br />
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7114–7118.<br />
8. Egleton, R.D., Mitchell, S.A., Huber, J.D., et al. (2000) Improved bioavailability to<br />
the brain of glycosylated Met-enkephalin analogs. Brain Res. 881, 37–46.<br />
9. Otvos, L., Jr., Cudic, M., Chua, B.Y., Deliyannis, G., and Jackson, D.C. (2004)<br />
An insect antibacterial peptide-based drug delivery system. Mol. Pharmaceut. 1,<br />
220–232.