Peptide-Based Drug Design

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Preface Natural products chemistry books usually open with a chapter on amino acids, peptides, and proteins. <strong>Peptide</strong>s represent the interaction site between bioactive proteins. Together with peptide hormones, these molecules promise to be the starting points of drug development. Indeed, with the fast advances of peptide synthetic techniques, injectable peptide drugs obtained regulartory approval. Currently, peptide/protein drugs contstitute more than 10% of the ethical drug market. However, they are orally not available and expensive to mass produce. Thus, in the late 1980s, pharmaceutical companies quickly abandoned peptide research and focused on small molecules with more advantageous in vivo stability and pharmacokinetic properties. At the turn of the new century, the unexpected toxicity and cross-reactivity of small molecule drugs turned investors back to peptides, with their high specificity and, in most cases, low toxicity profile. The 15 years in exile was not completely useless; we all learned how to modify peptides to be competitive with small molecules in the drug development arena. <strong>Peptide</strong> synthesis technology further developed both as a research tool to produce biopolymers containing more than 100 natural or nonnatural amino acid residues and a variable industrial production opportunity. Fast computers and improved algorithms brought structure-based peptide drug design to our desks. Understanding peptide metabolism, delivery, and clearance provided tools not only to increase the half-life in biological media, but also targeting to tissues and cell compartments unavailable earlier. My colleagues frequently come to me and ask: “I have this exciting peptide sequence (real or virtual). It produces miraculous biological results in vitro (or so I hope). What should I do with it? What can I do to make it work in vivo, attrack investor’s interest, or just grant funding more readily available for developmental projects than basic science?” These questions prompted us to assemble a handbook that offers a selection of research and production tools suitable for transforming a promising protein fragment or stand-alone bioactive peptide to a pharmaceutically acceptable composition. The chapter subjects include peptidebased drug development, from the early stages of computer-aided design and target identification through sequence modifications to satisfy pharmacologists until the actual production of difficult sequences and in vivo imaging. As with all contemporary and somewhat complicated chemistry projects, the devil is in the details. The format of the Methods in Molecular Biology series allows the contributing authors to provide sufficiently detailed information to reproduce the v
vi Preface protocols or make the technology available for other projects calling for similar solutions. The current buzzwords, chemical biology, somewhat degrade peptide chemistry to a service of biology. With the current book, we demonstrate that peptide-based drug design is an independent science that is well and on the rise. Our ultimate satisfaction will arrive when the first molecules, helped to conception or manufacture from the ideas set forth in this volume, gain regulatory approval and market share as stand-alone or combination medicines. Laszlo Otvos
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Page 4 and 5: METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TM Pep
Page 8 and 9: Contents Preface...................
Page 10 and 11: Contributors Nikolinka Antcheva •
Page 12 and 13: Contributors xi Alessandro Tossi
Page 14 and 15: 2 Otvos advance of computer power a
Page 16 and 17: 4 Otvos see derivatives active in b
Page 18 and 19: 6 Otvos was designed based on ligan
Page 20 and 21: 8 Otvos 27. Borghouts, C., Kunz, C.
Page 22 and 23: 10 Bulet Key Words: Invertebrate im
Page 24 and 25: 12 Bulet 6. 5 �L or higher volume
Page 26 and 27: 14 Bulet 2.5.2.1. MALDI-TOF-MS 1. M
Page 28 and 29: 16 Bulet 7. Small-volume low-protei
Page 30 and 31: 18 Bulet 3. Centrifuge between 8000
Page 32 and 33: 20 Bulet internal diameter). Increa
Page 34 and 35: 22 Bulet interest. As no instrument
Page 36 and 37: 24 Bulet 3. Incubate the plates in
Page 38 and 39: 26 Bulet bioactive peptides from th
Page 40 and 41: 28 Bulet 21. Chernysh, S., Kim, S.I
Page 42 and 43: 3 Sequence Analysis of Antimicrobia
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Sequence Analysis of Antimicrobial
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4 The Spot Technique: Synthesis and
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The Spot Technique 49 3. For amine
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The Spot Technique 51 2. Biotinylat
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The Spot Technique 53 the solutions
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The Spot Technique 55 solution. Ens
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The Spot Technique 57 (see Fig. 3)
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The Spot Technique 59 Fig. 5. Princ
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The Spot Technique 61 library, the
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The Spot Technique 63 7. Regenerati
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The Spot Technique 65 following rul
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The Spot Technique 67 20. Atherton,
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The Spot Technique 69 50. Bolger, G
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5 Analysis of A� Interactions Usi
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Analysis of Aβ Interactions 73 are
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Analysis of Aβ Interactions 75 Ana
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Analysis of Aβ Interactions 77 3.
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6 NMR in Peptide Drug Development J
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NMR of Peptides 89 usually require
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NMR of Peptides 91 limiting the siz
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NMR of Peptides 93 and STD NMR expe
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NMR of Peptides 95 The basis of the
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NMR of Peptides 97 Fig. 5. Overlay
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NMR of Peptides 99 Fig. 7. Schemati
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NMR of Peptides 101 4.4.2. Saturati
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NMR of Peptides 103 4.6. Diffusion
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NMR of Peptides 105 Fig. 13. Propos
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NMR of Peptides 107 protein prevent
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NMR of Peptides 109 6. Wuthrich, K.
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NMR of Peptides 111 45. Morris, K.
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NMR of Peptides 113 78. Aumailley,
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116 Copps et al. Fig. 1. Potential
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118 Copps et al. Fig. 2. Flowchart
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120 Copps et al. 10. In accordance
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122 Copps et al. Fig. 3. DSSP for g
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124 Copps et al. ingly with the sam
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126 Copps et al. 19. Essman, U., Pe
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128 Hilpert et al. Key Words: Scree
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130 Hilpert et al. Table 1 (Continu
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132 Hilpert et al. different natura
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134 Hilpert et al. wt A C D E F …
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136 Hilpert et al. methods primaril
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144 Hilpert et al. Table 3 Summary
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148 Hilpert et al. of substituting
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150 Hilpert et al. in models that c
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152 Hilpert et al. than control. Gi
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154 Hilpert et al. Table 4 Accuracy
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156 Hilpert et al. 25. Pini, A., Gi
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158 Hilpert et al. 55. Giacometti,
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9 Investigating the Mode of Action
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Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides
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10 Serum Stability of Peptides Håv
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Serum Stability of Peptides 179 2.
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Serum Stability of Peptides 183 �
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11 Preparation of Glycosylated Amin
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Glycosylated Amino Acid Synthesis 1
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12 Synthesis of O-Phosphopeptides o
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Solid-Phase Synthesis of O-Phosphop
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13 Peptidomimetics: Fmoc Solid-Phas
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Peptidomimetics 225 O O R S N H Pep
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Peptidomimetics 227 not without its
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Peptidomimetics 229 Oxidation step:
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Peptidomimetics 231 of peptidosulfo
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Peptidomimetics 233 8. Allow the re
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Peptidomimetics 235 3.3.2. Solid-Ph
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Peptidomimetics 237 On the other ha
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Peptidomimetics 239 nitrogen (73).
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Peptidomimetics 241 3. Cover the re
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Peptidomimetics 243 efficient synth
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Peptidomimetics 245 55. Alsina, J.,
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14 Synthesis of Toll-Like Receptor-
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Lipopeptides 249 2. Materials 2.1.
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Lipopeptides 251 Fig. 1. Structural
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Lipopeptides 253 8. To enable lipid
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Lipopeptides 255 Representative res
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Lipopeptides 257 Fig. 2. Immunogeni
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Lipopeptides 259 8. A large plastic
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Lipopeptides 261 26. Nardin, E.H.,
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264 Otvos response, synthetic pepti
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266 Otvos Fig. 3. Schematic present
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268 Otvos 3. Methods The main goal
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270 Otvos 3.2.3. Purification and Q
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272 Otvos 6. Meyer, D., and Torres,
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16 Cysteine-Containing Fusion Tag f
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Targeted Therapeutic and Imaging Ag
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Index A A� peptides aggregation a
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Index 297 phosphopeptides influenci
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Index 299 for genetically synthetic
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Index 301 peptidosulfonamide, disad
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Index 303 solid phase, 180, 214 sul
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Peptide-Based Drug Design

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