reSOLUTION_Research_09_Neuroscience - Leica Microsystems

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suPerresolution Discovering Cellular Morphology Beyond the Diffraction Limit confocal Nanoscopy Goes Multicolor dr. Jochen J. sieber, leica microsystems scientists strive to understand the architecture of life. they want to learn how biological structures are arranged in respect to one another. do they co-localize within or are they excluded from the same superstructure? does localization follow a special pattern and how does the overall arrangement reflect the biological function? multicolor superresolution imaging allows these fundamental questions to be addressed by far-field fluorescence microscopy in unprecedented detail. 14 resolutioN 2c confocal 2 mm 0,5 mm fig. 1: nuclear structures visualized with chromeo 494 (green) and atto 647n (red). courtesy: dr. l. schermelleh, lmu biozentrum, munich, germany exploring beyond the diffraction limit 2c sted 2 mm despite all the great insights obtained with conventional fluorescence microscopy, it is easy to become frustrated when studying subcellular structures, as the biological entities of interest are often significantly smaller than the diffraction limit. under conventional far-field fluorescence microscopes, which are incapable of resolving objects closer to one another than about 200 nm, details of interest are lost in a blur. several methods of far-field superresolution microscopy overcome this fundamental obstacle and allow morphological details to be studied far beyond the diffraction limit. 0,5 mm stimulated emission depletion (sted) imaging 1 , as confocal laser scanning microscopy, moves a spot of excitation light over the sample, detects the emitted fluorescence and generates pixel by pixel the image of the observed optical section. to achieve superresolution, the diffraction-limited excitation spot is overlaid with a donut-shaped point spread function of a second laser: the sted laser. a process called stimulated emission prevents dyes from emitting fluorescence anywhere in the focal volume except for the very center of the donut. the amount by which the effective focus can be shrunk, i.e. the resolution that can be achieved, depends on the intensity of the sted laser as well as on the dye. With the leica
signal distance tcs sted, sub 60 nm lateral resolution is routinely achieved with e.g., atto 647n. confocal and sted microscopy are a perfect match and can be readily implemented in the same setup. With the available commercial realizations such as the leica tcs sted cW the user can toggle between confocal and sted resolution by a single mouse click. achieving 2c confocal superresolution sted microscopy allows fast and unbiased information to be obtained on the structure and organization of a biological entity of interest. the next step is to put this information into context. much can already be learned by exploring one structure with a resolution of e.g., 60 nm and imaging several confocal counterstains at the same time. nevertheless, seeing how two structures are organized in relation to one another in subdiffraction-limited detail opens the door to a completely new world of co-localization studies (fig. 2). two approaches for achieving two color (2c) sted images have been reported. the first is technically demanding and uses two separate sets of excitation and sted wavelengths for two spectrally separated dyes 2 . the second solution (the ‘one donut approach’) uses a standard fluorophore (stokes shift 10 – 30 nm) in combination with a large stokes shift dye (e.g., >100 signal distance nm for chromeo 494) of partially overlapping emission spectra 3 . this allows the use of only one sted laser. the differences in the excitation spectra are exploited to distinguish the two dyes. to generate a 2c image, two frames are recorded with different excitation laser lines active in each frame. With the right dye combination and a balanced staining, brilliant 2c sted images are collected following this approach, even when the same band is detected for both channels. of course, the differences in emission spectra can also be exploited to help distinguish the dyes. the advantage of applying the same sted donut for both superresolution channels not only reduces the overall cost and complexity of the system, but also avoids chromatic aberration problems, which other implementations of superresolution microscopy need to compensate. Providing standard tools for co-localization studies at the nanoscale leica microsystems implemented 2c sted based on the ‘one donut approach’. both confocal superresolution systems, the leica tcs sted and the leica tcs sted cW, were enabled to perform co-localization studies in the sub 100 nm realm. to this end, a second excitation laser at 531 nm was introduced in addition to the 640 nm line for the leica tcs sted which realizes confocal nanoscopy with pulsed la- suPerresolution fig. 2: new quality of co-localization studies. confocal (left) and sted image (right) of the same structures. indicated intensity profiles of 860 nm shown below. dyes: chromeo 494 (green); atto 647n (red). neuroscience 15
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