(Percidae: Etheostoma), with Descriptions of Five New Species

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16 Bulletin 30 NOVEMBER 1, 2012Figure 7. Distribution of Etheostoma jessiae (solid dots) and E. meadiae (dots with stars) in the Clinch and Powell riversof the upper Tennessee River drainage. Dots indicate localities of materials examined; some represent more thanone locality. Streams are: A—upper Clinch River; B—Powell River; C—Norris Reservoir; D—lower Clinch River;E—Tennessee River (Watts Bar Reservoir); 1a—Emory River; 1b—Poplar Creek; 2a—Beaver Creek; 2b—Bull RunCreek; 3—Hinds Creek; 4—Coal Creek; 5—Cove Creek; 6—Big Sycamore Creek; 7—pond opposite Doak’s dam(Davis Creek).noted possible problems with the identifications of thesespecimens. Three specimens from Mills River and SouthFork Mills River of the French Broad River system in HendersonCounty, North Carolina, the only records of thespecies from that state, were not examined but were verifiedby W. M. Howell (Menhinick et al., 1974): the specimens(originally cataloged at Duke University) could notbe located (W. M. Palmer, pers. comm.).Etheostoma meadiae (Jordan and Evermann)Bluespar DarterFigs. 3, 8Ulocentra meadiae Jordan and Evermann, 1898:2852(original description from Indian Creek, basin of PowellRiver, Cumberland Gap, Tennessee); Jordan and Evermann,1900:fig. 447 (figure); Evermann and Hildebrand,1916:450 (known from Indian Creek, tributary of PowellRiver near Cumberland Gap); Evermann, 1918:330, 331,356, 365, 367 (known from Indian Creek, tributary ofPowell River near Cumberland Gap).Etheostoma stigmaeum: Gilbert, 1891:150 (Tennessee Riverdrainage included in range); Page, 1983:81, 238 (upperClinch and Powell rivers included in distribution).Imostoma meadiae: Jordan et al., 1930:286 (known from IndianCreek, Powell River basin, eastern Tennessee).Doration meadiae: Kuhne, 1939:92 (known from Tennessee).Ulocentra mediae: Fowler, 1945:251 (compared with Poecilichthyshopkinsi; species epithet misspelled).Cottogaster mediae: Fowler, 1945:37 (distributed in TennesseeRiver drainage; species epithet misspelled).Etheostoma (Boleosoma) jessiae: Collette and Knapp, 1966:72(senior synonym of nominal species Ulocentra meadiae; locationof types of U. meadiae).Etheostoma meadiae: Howell, 1980b:666 (previously consideredintergrade population; distributed in upper Powelland Clinch river systems, Virginia and Tennessee; habitat,biology); Mayden et al., 1992:859 (nominal species warrantingadditional study to determine taxonomic status).Etheostoma stigmaeum meadiae: Burkhead and Jenkins,1991:386–387, plate 149 (breeding male color descrip-
Layman & Mayden Morphological Diversity and Phylogenetics of the Darter subgenus Doration (Percidae: Etheostoma) 17tion and plate; Virginia distribution); Etnier and Starnes,1994:534–537 (biology; distribution and status; systematics;key); Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994: 838–840, fish 290–291, plate 28 (systematics; description; breeding malecoloration; biology; habitat; distribution; halftone photos;breeding male color plate).Etheostoma meadiae (Jordan and Evermann) was resurrectedby Howell (1980b), who found the name availablefor a distinctive form of Doration from the upper Clinchand Powell rivers in the upper Tennessee drainage.Howell (1968) had earlier treated these populations asintergrades between what he considered nominal E. stigmaeumfrom the Cumberland drainage (described as anew species below) and nominal E. jessiae. He based thisassessment on the observation that 53% of specimenspossessed a frenum, which he considered the most distinctivecharacter separating the taxa, and present-daydrainage patterns suggestive of stream capture betweenthe Cumberland and Powell rivers.Examination of additional specimens later convincedHowell (1980b) that these apparent intergrades actuallyrepresent a distinct taxon (Etnier and Starnes, 1994). Hisrecognition of E. meadiae and all other taxa of Doration asdistinct species (Howell, 1980a, 1980b, 1980c) was bolsteredby the apparent reproductive isolation of sympatricforms of E. stigmaeum and E. jessiae in the Stones Riverof the Cumberland drainage (Etnier and Starnes, 1994,in pers. comm. with Howell). Howell’s (1980a, 1980b,1980c) conclusions were not accompanied by supportingdata. Consequently, E. meadiae has failed to gain recognitionas a species. Furthermore, the single record of E. jessiaefrom the Stones River has been shown to be invalid,having resulted from an error in cataloging specimensfrom Little Pigeon River in the Tennessee River drainage(Layman, 1994).Etheostoma meadiae is currently treated as a subspeciesor race of a polytypic E. stigmaeum by Etnier andStarnes (1994). Jenkins and Burkhead (1994) also treatit as a subspecies but hold out the possibility of it beingan intergrade. Starnes and Etnier (1986) pointed to thelack of evidence for a major stream capture between theCumberland and Powell rivers, weakening support forHowell’s intergradation hypothesis (Etnier and Starnes,1994). Patterns of nuptial male coloration are also inconsistentwith intergradation. Males of both supposed parentaltaxa develop orange pigment in the base of thespinous dorsal fin and bright orange spots on the softdorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins. These features are lackingin E. meadiae.Morphological and breeding color data gathered inthis study indicate that E. meadiae warrants recognitionas a distinct species. Moreover, the phylogenetic hypothesisgenerated using these data suggests that E. meadiaeand E. jessiae are not even sister taxa. Etheostoma meadiae istreated herein as a distinct species restricted to the upperClinch and Powell rivers upstream of Norris Reservoir inTennessee and Virginia.Holotype.—USNM 48903, male, 46 mm SL, IndianCreek, tributary of Powell River, Cumberland Gap, Tennessee,17 October 1893, R. R. Gurley. The holotype isfigured in Jordan and Evermann (1900:fig. 447).Paratypes.—USNM 125623, male, 46 mm SL, samedata as holotype, original number BF 711 (U. S. Bureauof Fisheries). According to Collette and Knapp (1966),the third type was apparently sent to Stanford University,but it was not listed among the types there by Bohlke(1953); they were unable to locate it.Figure 8. Etheostoma meadiae (Jordan and Evermann, 1898). Blackwater Creek at TN Hwy 70, 0.5 km S Virginia line,Hancock County, Tennessee, 1 April 1993. UAIC 10706.01; male, 51 mm SL. Drawing by Joseph R. Tomelleri (americanfishes.com).Copyrighted by Joseph R. Tomelleri. Used with permission.
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