January - March 2013 - National Institute of Rural Development

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Socio-Economic Impoverishment Risks in Displacement of Tribes Under Polavaram ... 41respondents' shelter was affected and thecumulative loss incurred by them during theperiod amounted to of ` 11,60,000, whichcomes to ` 6,409 per head.Those who were affected by crop lossconstituted 65 per cent of the respondents inthe study areas and the cumulative lossincurred amounted to ` 22,02,000 indicatingan average loss of ` 13,190 per head. Theextent of loss of crop was reported more inKhammam where 78 per cent got affected byflood, while the same distribution was 37 percent in East Godavari and 52 per cent in WestGodavari. The total loss incurred in EastGodavari and West Godavari stood, respectivelyat ` 6,08,700 and ` 8,55,000 with an averageof ` 18,451 and ` 16,442, while in Khammam,the same amounted to ` 7,39,100 and theaverage loss was ` 9,476 per head.Information in respect of value of cattle lost inthe flood showed that at the aggregate sampleonly 24 per cent of them reported to the tuneof ` 1,74,000 indicating an average value of` 7,250 per head. More loss was reported inEast Godavari due to the death of cattle. Atthe sametime less number of respondentsreported loss of trees and plantations in thestudy area. The above information showedthat the respondents were threatened bynatural calamities, like flood and cycloneleading to huge loss of their physical assets.Measures Taken for Rehabilitation of ProjectAffected PeopleThough acquisition of land is a slowprocess, efforts to acquire land from theproject-affected families (PAF) are going on.In East Godavari an area of 645 acres is to beacquired out of which all the area have beenacquired from the tribals. While in WestGodavari the area of land to be acquired fromthe tribals amounted to 667.85 acres. Out ofthis, an area of 253.16 acres have already beenacquired, whereas in the case of Khammamland acquisition is yet to take off due to theresistance exerted by the project-affectedfamilies. As a result of this, although an area of5370 acres have been earmarked foracquisition, so far no land was acquired fromthem. In West Godavari, land in three villageshas been acquired, but compensation has notbeen paid yet. In the district of Khammamthree locations in three different mandals wereselected for rehabilitation of PAF in modelcolonies. But so far not a single familyoccupied the houses constructed at the newsettlement. Similarly, the compensatory landfor distribution among the outstees has beenidentified. In the course of interaction withsome of the respondents who have seen theland identified for distribution among theoustees informed that they were not happywith the location and quality of land. Theycommented that the land is located very farfrom their original habitat and not at all fertile,as such not suitable for cultivation. To make itsuitable for cultivation, the land need to bedeveloped which require heavy investment.Model colonies were under constructionto rehabilitate the project-affected families.Pedda Bhimpally colony is one such housingcomplex constructed to rehabilitate them. Inthis complex 194 houses were constructed. Apublic function was organised on 2 October,2006, and keys of the houses were distributedto the affected families. In this colony, thereare two types of houses, the first category isfor a single occupant with single room withone door costing ` 40,000 and the otherconsists of two rooms with two doors and twowindows which costs ` 80, 000. Each house isprovided with a toilet cum bathroom. Thefollowing facilities are also made available tothe residents within the complex whichinclude primary school, anganwadi, and watersupply with common taps, handpumps,overhead tank with a capacity of 40,000 liters,open drainage system, a community hall, andplayground and a shopping complex andtemple under construction. When the studyJournal of Rural Development, Vol. 32, No. 1, January - March : 2013JRD 2 (1)
42 K.P. Kumaranwas conducted, 50 families were partiallyshifted retaining their old houses in the villageto cultivate their fields. Interaction with someof the oustees showed that they are not happywith the newly constructed houses in termsof its design and facilities. However, youthshowed satisfaction with the new facilities andsurroundings.Impoverishment Risks in Displacement andRehabilitationThe tribes covered in this study are a wellknit cohesive group. All of them live inScheduled Areas where they enjoy severalrights and privileges. Due to the persuasionand assurance given by the project officials,some of them partially shifted to the newcolonies constructed for the rehabilitation ofthe affected people. Others are undecided ornot ready to shift to the new settlement. Forthose who are reluctant to move out and atthe same time making the proposed shiftinginevitable are likely to face lots of mentalworries like tension, anxiety and insecurity. Inthe event of involuntary or forcedresettlement they will face a variety of socioeconomicproblems leading to theirimpoverishment. In the light of the datapresented in the earlier part of this paper, letus highlight some of them in brief.Customary Rights and PrivilegesAll the tribes affected by the projectreside in the Scheduled Areas. ScheduledAreas are created based on provision madeunder the Article 244 and the Fifth Scheduleof the Constitution. Such areas have specialrights and the governor of the respective stateshave powers to make regulations for bettergovernance and for protecting the traditionalrights of tribal communities. The introductionof Panchayat Extension of Scheduled Areas Act(PESA) in the Scheduled Areas furtherstrengthens the benefits extended to thetribes residing in these areas. It provides inprinciple control over natural resources andrecognises the traditional rights of tribalcommunities over the natural resources.Further, according to PESA directives, gramsabha should be consulted before making theacquisition of land in the scheduled areas fordevelopment projects and before resettlingpersons affected by such projects in theScheduled Area. Thus, the power of tribalcommunity in the Fifth Schedule Areas hasimplication not only for livelihood but it isequally relevant to the socio-cultural life ofthe inhabitants. But in the R&R package thereis no guarantee that they will be rehabilitatedin the Scheduled Areas. If this does nothappen, then with the moving out of theScheduled Areas they will be deprived ofspecial rights, like land transfer regulation,including certain protective measures.Land AlienationThe tribal groups covered in this studyare basically peasants sustaining theirlivelihood by undertaking cultivation.Traditionally most of them resorted to shiftingcultivation but now take up settled cultivationas well. Landholding data showed the extentof land alienation as so severe both in EastGodavari and West Godavari districts thatnearly half of the respondents are landless andeke out a living by engaging in wage labourand other means. However, the situation oflandholding among the respondents inKhammam is relatively better where threefourthsof them still hold agricultural land.The land cultivated by the respondentsbelongs to private land and Government land.Data showed that some of those whocultivated private land do not have any validpattas. Though the number of respondentscultivating irrigated land is small, among them,nearly half of them do not have valid land titles.Those who have encroached forestland forcultivation was reported in Khammam, and inthe same district few cases of those whoJournal of Rural Development, Vol. 32, No. 1, January - March : 2013JRD 2 (1)
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Page 6 and 7: Small and Medium Enterprises In the
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Page 65 and 66: 62 Rashmi Tiwari and Sanatan Nayaka
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January - March 2013 - National Institute of Rural Development

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