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Contentsix8 Batteries ..................................................... 177Battery Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Inside Your Battery ........................................... 178Active Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Overall Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Discharging Chemical Reaction .......................... 181Charging Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Electrolyte Specific Gravity .............................. 182State-of-Charge ........................................ 182Gassing ............................................... 182Equalizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Electrolyte Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Sulfation .............................................. 183Outside Your Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Basic Electrical Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Battery Capacity and Rating ............................. 184The Gentle Art of Battery Recharging ..................... 186Temperature Determines Performance for Lead-Acid Batteries . 187Age Determines Performance for Lead-Acid Batteries ....... 188Battery Charge—Use It or Lose It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188State-of-Charge Measurement—Volts or Specific Gravity .... 188Discharge Not in Haste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Lead-Acid Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Battery Types .......................................... 190Battery Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Battery Distribution and Cost ............................ 193Battery Core Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Battery Installation Guidance ............................ 194TLC and Maintenance for Your Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Today’s Best Battery Solution .................................. 195Five Trojan Battery Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Tomorrow’s Best Battery Solution—Today ....................... 200Future Batteries: The Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Batteries and the RAV4 EV Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2059 The Charger and Electrical System .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Charger Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Battery Discharging and Charging Cycle ........................ 208What You Can Learn from a Battery Cycle-Life Test ......... 208Battery Discharging Cycle ............................... 209Battery Charging Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209The Ideal Battery Charger ............................... 210The Real-World Battery Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213The Manzita Micro PFC-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214The Zivan NG3 ........................................ 215