Untitled - ev-bg.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$E:\html\knob\kirjandus\manuaalid\Revox_B795_en.pdf$

178 Build Your Own Electric Vehicle• Become familiar with a battery’s external characteristics• Learn the pros and cons of working with real-world batteriesKnowledge in these three areas is a sound business investment that can save youtime and money. Using the tried-and-true, 100-year-old lead-acid battery as an example,let’s look at each of the three areas in turn, starting with what goes on inside a battery.Inside Your BatteryA battery is a chemical factory that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy.You don’t need to know all the detailed inner workings of your battery, but you shouldhave a basic understanding of its elements and processes. We’ll start with a little historyand overview, and then get into the pieces and parts.Your first acquaintance with chemical batteries probably occurred in high schoolbiology class when your instructor reproduced Luigi Galvani’s 1786 experiment byplacing a voltage across a frog’s leg and making it twitch. Alessandro Volta “went toschool” on the Galvani phenomenon. He reasoned that if a voltage across two dissimilarmetals produced a reaction in the frog’s leg, two dissimilar metals in a conductivesolution would produce a voltage, and the first battery—his Voltaic pile—was born in1798.Battery improvements have steadily occurred ever since, but the basic principleshave remained unchanged. Battery action takes place in the cell, the basic batterybuilding block, that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. A cell containsthe two active materials or electrodes and the solution or electrolyte that provides theconductive environment between them. There are two kinds of batteries: in a primarybattery, the chemical action eats away one of the electrodes (usually the negative), andthe cell must be discarded or the electrode replaced; in a secondary battery, the chemicalprocess is reversible, and the active materials can be restored to their original conditionby recharging the cell. A battery can consist of only one cell, as in the primary batterythat powers your flashlight, or several cells in a common container, like the secondarybattery that powers your automobile starter.Active MaterialsIn chemical jargon, the active materials are defined as electrochemical couples. Thismeans that one of the active materials, the positive pole or anode, is electron deficient;the other active material, the negative pole or cathode, is electron rich. The activematerials are usually solid (lead-acid) but can be liquid (sodium-sulfur) or gaseous(zinc-air, aluminum-air). Table 8-1 gives a snapshot comparison of a few of theseelements.When a load is connected across the battery, the voltage of the battery produces anexternal current flow from positive to negative corresponding to its internal electronflow from negative to positive. The observed voltage in a galvanic cell is the sum ofwhat is happening at the anode and cathode. To make an ideal battery, you’d choose theactive material that gave the greatest oxidation potential at the anode coupled with thematerial that gave the greatest reduction potential at the cathode that were bothsupportable by a suitable electrolyte material. This means you’d like to pair the bestreducing material—lithium (13.045 volts with respect to hydrogen as the referenceelectrode)—with something that just can’t wait to receive its electrons, or the best
1A 2A 8 8 8 1B Low- 2B Low- 4A Low- 6A 7APeriodic Light Light Heavy Heavy Heavy Melting Melting Melting Non Non-Table Group Metals Metals Metals Metals Metals Metals Metals Metals metals metalsElement– Lithium Beryllium FluorineSymbol Li Be FNumber– #3 #4 #9Voltage +3.045 +1.85 –2.87Element– Sodium Magnesium Sulfur ChlorineSymbol Na Mg S ClNumber– #11 #12 #16 #17Voltage +2.714 +2.37 +0.51 –1.36Element– Potassium Calcium Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Selenium BromineSymbol K Ca Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Se BrNumber– #19 #20 #26 #27 #28 #29 #30 #34 #35Voltage +2.925 +2.87 +0.44 +0.277 +0.246 –0.337 +0.763 +0.78 –1.065Element– Rubidium Strontium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Tin Tellurium IodineSymbol Rb Sr Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn Te INumber– #37 #38 #45 #46 #47 #48 #50 #52 #53Voltage +2.925 +2.89 –0.6 –0.987 –0.7995 +0.403 +0.136 +0.92 –0.536Element– Cesium Barium Platinum Gold Mercury LeadVoltage Cs Ba Pt Au Hg PbNumber– #55 #56 #78 #79 #80 #82Voltage +2.923 +2.90 –1.2 –1.68 –0.854 ≠0.126Ta b l e 8-1 Element Oxidation V oltages Comparison179
Page 2 and 3:
Build Your OwnElectric Vehicle
Page 5 and 6:
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hil
Page 7 and 8:
For more information about this tit
Page 9 and 10:
ContentsviiRemember the 30 Percent
Page 11 and 12:
Contentsix8 Batteries .............
Page 14 and 15:
xiiContentsChargers ...............
Page 18 and 19:
xviPrefaceFi g u r e 2 TH!NK City c
Page 20 and 21:
This page intentionally left blank
Page 22 and 23:
xxAcknowledgmentscar conversions fo
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
2 Build Your Own Electric Vehicleco
Page 28 and 29:
4 Build Your Own Electric VehicleFi
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 1: Why Electric Vehicles Ar
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
CHAPTER 2Electric VehiclesSave the
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 2: Electric Vehicles Save t
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
CHAPTER 3Electric Vehicle History
Page 58 and 59:
34 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclea
Page 60 and 61:
36 Build Your Own Electric VehicleF
Page 62 and 63:
38 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclea
Page 64 and 65:
40 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclet
Page 66 and 67:
42 Build Your Own Electric VehicleI
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
46 Build Your Own Electric VehicleE
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
50 Build Your Own Electric VehicleJ
Page 76 and 77:
52 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclee
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
56 Build Your Own Electric VehicleK
Page 82 and 83:
58 Build Your Own Electric Vehicle
Page 84 and 85:
60 Build Your Own Electric VehicleM
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
64 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclev
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
72 Build Your Own Electric Vehicleo
Page 98 and 99:
74 Build Your Own Electric VehicleA
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
78 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclet
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
86 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclep
Page 112 and 113:
88 Build Your Own Electric VehicleY
Page 114 and 115:
90 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclec
Page 116 and 117:
92 Build Your Own Electric VehicleE
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
96 Build Your Own Electric Vehiclei
Page 122 and 123:
98 Build Your Own Electric Vehicle1
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
126Vehicle gear 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd
Page 152 and 153: 128 Build Your Own Electric Vehicle
Page 156 and 157: This page intentionally left blank
Page 222 and 223: 198Trojan Minutes Minutes Weight En
Page 226 and 227: 202Nominal Cell Operating Theoretic
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
278 Build Your Own Electric CarFi g
Page 304 and 305:
280 Build Your Own Electric CarEast
Page 306 and 307:
282 Build Your Own Electric CarGeor
Page 308 and 309:
284 Build Your Own Electric CarOreg
Page 310 and 311:
286 Build Your Own Electric CarPlug
Page 312 and 313:
288 Build Your Own Electric CarGove
Page 314 and 315:
290 Build Your Own Electric CarCush
Page 316 and 317:
292 Build Your Own Electric CarGras
Page 318 and 319:
294 Build Your Own Electric Car3E V
Page 320 and 321:
296 Build Your Own Electric CarEV S
Page 322 and 323:
298 Build Your Own Electric CarPaul
Page 324 and 325:
300 Build Your Own Electric CarCurt
Page 326 and 327:
302 Build Your Own Electric CarAvco
Page 328 and 329:
304 Build Your Own Electric CarLead
Page 330 and 331:
306 Build Your Own Electric CarGras
Page 332 and 333:
308 Build Your Own Electric Car•
Page 334 and 335:
310 Build Your Own Electric CarAsso
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
314 IndexAssociation for Electric a
Page 340 and 341:
316 Indexbuying an EV. See purchasi
Page 342 and 343:
318 Indexcosts (continued)EV conver
Page 344 and 345:
320 Indexelectrical system (continu
Page 346 and 347:
322 IndexGGage, Tom, 69Galvani, Lui
Page 348 and 349:
324 Indexlithium-ion batteries, 9,
Page 350 and 351:
326 IndexPlymouth Arrow, 84pollutio
Page 352 and 353:
328 IndexTaylor, Carl, 294Technolog
Page 354:
show all

Untitled - ev-bg.com

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?