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properties of the recovered binder. Generally, the addition of 15%ethanol 10 has been found to be most effective.2.1.3 Solvents and their technical performance pertaining to thedetermination of binder content and the determination of therecovered binder properties - In order to replace an existing solvent witha safer, more environmentally friendly alternative, it is necessary toevaluate the technical performance of the alternative solvent. The technicalperformance of a particular solvent can be defined as a measure of theaccuracy (a reflection how close the properties of the recovered bindercompare with the properties of the binder prior to recovery) andrepeatability of the measurements obtained on a recovered binder usingthat solvent or the accuracy and repeatability of the binder contentdetermination by that solvent. The technical performance of any particularsolvent is often determined by comparing the properties of a binder,recovered with that solvent, to the properties of the same binder recoveredby TCE (considered by some to be an asphalt industry standard in theUSA).2.1.3.1 Variations in technical performance: The technicalperformance of any particular solvent may vary according to:• The type and age of the binder - some solvents may display anexcellent technical performance with regards to one type of binder(e.g. aromatic high molecular weight bitumen) but poor technicalperformance with another type of binder (e.g. a waxy-type bitumen).The technical performance of a solvent towards a particular bindermay change as the binder ages.• The type of aggregate - Some absorptive limestone aggregates canaffect the technical performance of a particular solvent.• The specific property defined by the measurement on the recoveredbinder - it could well be, for example, that a specific solvent such as acommercial n-propyl bromide blend, may produce accurate,repeatable softening point measurements for specificbinder/aggregate systems, but may not produce acceptable stiffnessmeasurements, using a dynamic shear rheometer, for the samesystem.• The extraction and recovery method used - Researchers 6 have, forexample, established that the repeatability for the ASTM D1856(Abson distillation recovery at atmospheric pressure) is significantly16
superior to ASTM D5404 (Distillation recovery under reducedpressure using the Rotavapor Apparatus).2.1.3.2 The effect of coefficient of variation on determination oftechnical performance: One major impediment toestablishing the technical performance of a particular solvent isthe generally poor repeatability of many of the tests performed onrecovered binders. The coefficient of variation (standarddeviation/mean x 100) of a particular test performed on recoveredbinders does not only reflect the inherent variation of thatparticular test method/test equipment combination, but alsoincludes the variation inherent in the particular binder extractionand recovery method that was used. A coefficient of variation of25% implies that the standard deviation equates to a value of 25%of the mean and for a normal distribution. This implies that 95% ofthe experimental values are distributed over a range within 50%of the mean (2). Such high coefficients of variation make it verydifficult to statistically differentiate between results obtained onrecovered binders using different solvents and extraction/recoverymethods, especially when using statistical methods employing95% confidence levels. It is, therefore, difficult to establish thetechnical performance of a solvent (by means of comparison)when evaluating binder properties that have high coefficients ofvariation.RILEM Technical Committee TC56 has carried out a range ofinter-laboratory testing 11 across Europe during 1986, using variousextraction methods/solvents and a specified RILEM recoveryprocedure involving a Rotavapor at specified reduced pressureand temperature. Their results for using DCM as solvent can besummarised as follows:17
Page 1: Guide to the safe handling ofsolven
Page 4 and 5: Sabita DVD SeriesDVD100DVD200DVD300
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS1. Introduction2. Solvent s
Page 8 and 9: • The use of High Performance Liq
Page 10 and 11: 2. Solvent specific test methods2.1
Page 12 and 13: • A mass balance requires a tempe
Page 14 and 15: *Jojoba oil (pronounced “ho-HO-ba
Page 18 and 19: Table 1. Coefficients of variationM
Page 20 and 21: • Temperature - Although binder h
Page 23 and 24: • Density - In general, a solvent
Page 25 and 26: 2.5. The determination of the softe
Page 27 and 28: 4. Evaluating the cost-effectivenes
Page 29 and 30: 6. Conclusions and recommendationsT
Page 31 and 32: absorptive limestone). In this way
Page 33 and 34: 13. Peterson, GD, Davison, RR, Glov
Page 35 and 36: in a location close to where the pr
Page 37 and 38: product identifier (product name);
Page 39 and 40: eye wash bottles and safety showers
Page 41 and 42: • reaction to naturally-occurring
Page 43 and 44: consulting the MSDS for the product
Page 45 and 46: those which could compromise an ind
Page 47 and 48: • Reactive chemicals May be sensi
Page 49 and 50: The following guidelines should be
Page 51 and 52: mercury air concentrations. If a la
Page 53 and 54: Be prepared to repeat the process i
Page 55 and 56: Leaking regulators, cylinder valves
Page 57 and 58: Peroxide-forming (e.g. ether) and e
Page 59 and 60: • Direct connections: Direct conn
Page 61 and 62: This guide is available on the UK H
Page 63 and 64: Factors that can increase the risk
Page 65 and 66: containers that may be contaminated
Page 67 and 68:
Record each run in a logbook: keep
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• Gas chromatographs (GC): Gas ch
Page 71 and 72:
Locate and know how to test and ope
Page 73 and 74:
Do not remove a dressing that has b
Page 75 and 76:
As soon as the flames are extinguis
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Appendix B - Recommendations for so
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• All packages in storage should
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Table 2.Examples of incompatible co
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Table 3. Suggested segregation for
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• Keep picric acid solutions wet
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peroxides. The radius shall be meas
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acute health effect - an effect tha
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8 Corrosive; 9 Miscellaneous.ED50 (
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freezing point - the temperature at
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airborne substance, averaged over a
Page 97 and 98:
teratogen - chemical which may caus
Page 99 and 100:
• Many of the occupation exposure
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