Thesis - Teknisk Design

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Conceptual <strong>Design</strong> of Temporary Exhibition Platform and Smart Grid Exhibitionfor Siemens Urban Sustainability CentreTheorythe form of wind and hydro power. Wind power is growingfast today with a growth rate of about 25% per year (TheWindpower, 2011) and will become a large contributorto the world’s electricity supply in the near future. Directsolar power can be turned into electricity from eitherphotovoltaic cells, or from thermal solar power plants.The problem with integrating more renewable powergeneration into an energy system is that those sourcesare highly fluctuating (except for hydropower with dams).Electricity supply today is adapted to the demand of theusers and needs to be more reliable than renewable intermittentenergy sources. To allow for the expansion ofrenewable energy, the supply and demand relation mustbe balanced. Storage capacity is needed in the grid whenthere is excess power and the demand for electricity mustbe managed to match the supply. This calls for a flexibleelectricity price in combination with a grid that cancommunicate with smart home products (World EnergyCouncil, 2010).Energy security and efficiencyIn many places around the world there is already a problemwith old grids not being able to supply the electricityaccording to demand. Blackouts and brownouts in theelectricity grid are costly and this problem grows as theworld’s energy demand increases and the fossil sourcesare running out. Power quality also becomes moreproblematic when more and more disturbing objects andsensitive equipment are connected to the grid. This callsfor a smarter control of the electricity system to assure asafe and reliable supply of electricity of the right quality(International Energy Agency, 2011).Today’s electricity infrastructure is designed to meetthe highest level of demand and during non-peak hoursthe system is underutilised. If demand was levelled, thisexcess power capacity would not be needed. Smart gridtechnology can manage this by providing incentives forconsumers to shift consumption from peak hours to offpeak hours. This is achieved by providing consumerswith information about supply and electricity price, aswell as through smart automated solutions which helpsconsumers make the most profitable choices (Larsson& Ståhl, 2011). This will open up a new era of consumerchoice and enable household equipment, such as washingmachines, to be programmed to start when the electricityprice is low, normally during night time (Vattenfall R&D,2010). Similarly an electric car battery can work as powerstorage and provide a household with energy when theelectricity price is high. Such development will requiretechnical equipment and the grid to communicate, aswell as smart software solutions to make the consumerdecisions as easy as possible (European TechnologyPlatform, 2011 ).2.1.3 Steps towards a smart gridSteps that need to be taken towards a smart grid differa lot between regions. What steps that need to be takenare generally depending on the current situation in theDemand responseIn the traditional electricity grid,balance is kept by adapting the supplyto the projected demand. In a future gridwith more fluctuating renewable energy sourcesthis relation will change into a Demand Responsesystem, where the consumption is controlled by pricingsignals to adapt the demand to the currentsupply. A demand response system will requiresmart technology that meters andoptimises consumptions to evenout the demand.8
Oskar Karlsson, Petter PolsonMaster <strong>Thesis</strong> 2011 at Chalmers University of TechnologyTheoryregion and what the main drivers are for the smart griddevelopment.Technology developmentStorage is said to be the biggest technological challengefor smart grid development and new and better solutionfor energy storage is needed in the future grid to level thesupply from intermittent sources. The level of integrationof renewable capacity depends on storage capabilities.Electricity storage will therefore play an important part inachieving self-sustaining areas on local or regional level.Another application for improved energy storage is withinthe demand response system, where securing the supplyof electricity to the consumers is a crucial issue. Differentstorage technologies are needed for different applicationsand options to consider are batteries, pump power plants,flywheels and super-condensers (Larsson & Ståhl, 2011).Market developmentA smart grid development will lead to new market opportunitiesand the possibility for new actors to enter theenergy sector. Examples of new actors are the aggregatorsthat collect small scale power production and sell it onthe existing energy market and the “prosumer” that bothgenerates and consumes electricity.One area that is important to develop is a demandresponse system that shifts and balances the load anddecreases peak demand in the energy system. Demandresponse is one of the enabler of large scale expansionof intermittent power production and will need smartmetering infrastructure, distribution management andnew price signals, as well as smart customer products andinterfaces (Larsson & Ståhl, 2011).Setting new standardsSmart grid technology will bring together many industrysectors that previously have not worked together and consequentlycombine different products into one solution.At the same time, large investments are necessary tospeed up the smart grid development. This calls for goodinteroperability between companies and products todecreases the risks with the investments. Standards aretherefore crucial for a variety of products and services inthe smart grid field (International Energy agency, 2011),(International Electrotechnical Commission, 2010).2.1.4 The road forwardCommercial scale demonstration projects are neededto capture real-world data in order to find out how thetechnology works with the market and regulation systems,as well as with the end-user. Large scale demonstrationswill provide shared learning among the participatingactors, decreased risk when investing in new technology,and best practice methods for smart grid deployment.Since the road to a smart grid is unclear and can takedifferent turns, and a lot of the development is new andgroundbreaking, there is a need for different actors tomeet and discuss problems and solutions. An exhibitionon the topic can provide a meeting platform and therebyfacilitate smart grid development.Prosumers andVirtual PowerPlantsConsumers can also generate electricityand use it, store it or sell it to the grid andthus acting as so called “prosumers”. Many smallelectricity generators can get together to produceelectricity as a virtual power plant. A virtual utilityis a cluster of power plants and storage facilitiescontrolled by one Energy Management System.Coming together in a virtual powerplant can be a way for small producersto get market shares.9
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Thesis - Teknisk Design

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