MAXIMISING OLYMPIC DISTANCE TRIATHLON PERFORMANCE ...

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study will be used to present apredictive model for fluid balancemeasures and ODT performance.This will be done by constructing apath analysis of the effects of fluidintake and sweat loss on ODTperformance.MethodsSubjectsTen acclimatised triathletes (3female and 7 male) voluntarilyparticipated in the study. Theparticipants mean age body mass,maximal oxygen uptake, sum of nineskinfold sites and best ODT timewere 33.3 ± 6.7 (SD) yr, 70.9 ± 9.7kg, 58.4 ± 7.7 mL•kg -1 •min -1 84.3 ±31.7 mm and 2:11:30 ± 0:13:20(hr:min:sec), respectively.Participants were requested tomaintain normal training volume andintensity during the testing periodand to abstain from physical trainingin the 24 hours prior to each test.Similarly, participants wereinstructed to abstain from alcohol,coffee and products containingcaffeine during the 24-hour periodprior to testing. During the 24 hoursprior to each test, participants wererequested to drink two litres of a sixpercentcarbohydrate solution(Gatorade ® ) to ensure that they wereadequately hydrated and hadadequate glycogen levels.Prior to participation, each volunteercompleted a medical historyquestionnaire and a written informedconsent document. Theexperimental protocol was approvedby the Central Queensland University(CQU) Human Ethics ResearchReview Panel.ProceduresPreliminary measurementsIn the week prior to the exercisetestingperiod, each subject wasfamiliarised with the exercise testingprotocols that were employed in thestudy. To ensure that all subjectswere familiar with the exerciseenvironment, each subject wastransported around the ODT course.Anthropometric measuresPrior to the initial . V O 2max test, bodymass, height and the sum of nineskinfolds (tricep, subscapular, bicep,iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal,front thigh, calf and mid-axilla) ofeach participant were measured bya Level 1 Anthropometrist certifiedby the International Society for theAdvancement of Kinanthropometry(ISAK).Maximal aerobic power testingIn the week prior to initial testing,maximal oxygen uptake ( . V O 2max )was determined using anincremental treadmill test toexhaustion. The test was conductedon a motorised treadmill (Precor,USA). Maximal oxygen uptake wasmeasured using a Medgraphics ®Gas Analysis System(Medgraphics ® , Parkway, USA).The participants arrived at theHuman Performance Laboratory atleast two hours post-prandial.Following a ten-minute warm-up at70% of age predicted maximal heartrate, the exercise protocolcommenced at a workload of 10km•hr -1 . The workload wasincreased by one km•hr -1 every fiveminutes until volitional fatigue.Maximal oxygen uptake wasconsidered the highest oxygen108
volume recorded during the lastminute of exercise. Heart rate wasrecorded throughout the protocol viaPolar ® Vantage NV(Polar OY,Finland)..Following V O 2max testing, eachparticipant was provided with atraining diary and dietary guidelinesto complete over the three-dayperiod before each ODT. Theseguidelines were to ensure that allparticipants had similar glycogenand hydration status at the time oftesting.Experimental designPrior to the warm up, a measure ofnude, towel dry, body mass wastaken post-micturition. This wasrepeated at each transition and thenafter both ODT’s using electronicallycalibrated scales (Mercury,Australia) accurate to 50g.Participants were required tocomplete an ODT in an uncontrolledenvironment on two separate days,seven days apart. The 1.5-km swimwas completed in a 25-metreswimming pool, the 40-km bicycleleg was completed on an accuratelymeasured 10-km road loop, and a2.5-km road loop was used for the10-km run. Performance time wastaken as the total ODT time minusexperimental intervention time.Environmental conditionsWBGT out was measured at 30-minute intervals during each trialusing a heat stress monitor(QUESTEMP o 10, Oconomowoc, WI,USA).Fluid Intake and Sweat lossDuring each test, participants wereprovided with half-strengthGatorade ® for ad-libitum intake.Individual fluid intakes werecalculated as the difference in thevolume of fluid in each subject’swater bottle at the beginning andend of each test. Urinary fluid losswas measured using a volumetriccylinder accurate to 10 ml. Sweatloss (SL) was assessed using themethod of Noakes and co-workers(1988).Statistical analysisMeans and standard deviationswere calculated for each variable. Ahierarchical multiple regression wasused to determine if swim time,bicycle leg time and run leg time,and the sweat loss, sweat rate,relative body mass change and fluidintake were significantly related ODTtime. A multiple regression was alsoperformed to measure correlationsbetween sweat loss, sweat rate,relative body mass change and fluidintake for each leg with performancetime for each leg. Finally, a partialcorrelation was completedcorrelating total race fluidconsumption to ODT time whilecontrolling for sweat loss. An alphalevel of 0.05 was accepted asshowing statistical significance. Allstatistical analyses were completedusing SPSS statistical softwarepackage (SPSS Inc., Chicago,Illinois).109
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Proceedings from the Gatorade Inter
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Schedule of eventsDay 1: Monday Nov
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Maximising Athletic Performance….
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Ever since 1980, every world record
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Maximising Olympic Distance Triathl
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Common cycling - related injuries,e
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If heat illness is not treated prop
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Maximising Olympic Distance Triathl
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the triathlon run at an unsustainab
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system in a group of triathletes.Re
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to different race situations.Nevert
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carbohydrate diets for improvingend
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can identify problems that lead tos
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unch riding and the dynamics ofdraf
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Maximising Olympic Distance Perform
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athletes and highlights the infancy
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weight training under a coach for e
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year I was ranked sixth in ITU Worl
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Guidance from high performancetriat
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Using hypobaric oxygen techniques a
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1996) suggest treatment with hyperb
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elease, which will produce the desi
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1994 season. Vancouver Canucksrepor
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14 Days of Intermittent Hypoxia Doe
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and the six females all trained ins
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Page 70 and 71: 2Difference between repeated measur
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Page 110 and 111: ResultsTable 1. Mean environmental
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