MAXIMISING OLYMPIC DISTANCE TRIATHLON PERFORMANCE ...

Recommendations

Info

iomechanical inefficiencies whichcould lead to injury.Performance Enhancement InCycling.The movement of the lower limbsduring cycling is defined andrestricted by the bicycle dimensions.Consequently, the development ofpropulsive forces in cycling isfundamentally linked to the geometryand adjustment of the bicycle.The riding position and posture affectsthe lower limb muscle lengthcharacteristics, the knee jointmechanics and the pedallingtechnique. These parameters have tobe considered to maximise forceproduction. Unfortunately, they interactsuch that the optimisation of oneparameter may have a negative effecton another. Hence, the biomechanicaloptimisation of cycling to maximiseforce production is not aboutoptimising individual components butabout balancing conflictingmechanisms to produce the mosteffective outcome.As with swimming, reducing the forcesthat resist forward motion can have asgreat effect on performance asincreasing propulsive forces. Themain component of resistive force isthat due to the size and shape of thebody as it encounters the oncomingair. Because the posture on the bikeis influenced by the athlete’s flexibilityand is defined by the points of contactwith the bicycle, bicycle dimensionsand adjustment is also the main factorinvolving the resistive forces. Since iteffects both the propulsive andresistive forces, the optimisation ofthe riding position is a fundamentalcomponent of optimising cyclingperformance.In addition to optimising forceproduction, technical and tacticalaspects also play a significant role inoptimising cycling performance. Thebicycle is essentially an unstablemachine and it is the rider that keepsthe forces in balance to keep it stable.The bicycle is potentially mostunstable when the additional forcespresent during braking and corneringact on the bike. Because the forces ofgravity and deceleration act on theCentre of Gravity (C of G) of the bikeand rider, the position of the C of Ghas a large influence on performanceduring braking and cornering. Theposition of the C of G is influenced bythe bicycle dimensions, the ridingposition and the technique of the rider.Optimising the position of the C of Gwill result in higher speeds throughcorners and less energy expended onkeeping the bicycle stable.Recent rule changes allowing draftingin elite level ODT have fundamentallychanged triathlon. Because theresistive forces encountered whenriding can drop by as much as 40%when drafting the dynamics of bunchriding greatly change the physical andtactical demands of the bike leg.Power output profiles associated withcriterium style riding c.f. time trialriding indicate significantly differentphysiological and technical demands.This has implication for theoptimisation of the riding position, theriding technique and tactical strategy.From an optimisation perspective,28
unch riding and the dynamics ofdrafting have changed triathlon froman individual sport to a team sport.The optimisation of ODT performancenow lies in the optimum use of teamresources to maximise theperformance of a selected individual.Mechanisms of Injury andPerformance Enhancement inRunning.The forces acting on the body duringrunning are higher than thoseencountered in swimming and cycling.Runners experiencing high impactloads are more likely to get injuredthan those with lower impacts.Consequently the attenuation andmanagement of the loads thataccompany running play an importantrole in remaining injury free.Running shoe construction has a largeinfluence on the foot and anklemovement patterns and the magnitudeof the loads transmitted to the lowerlimb during ground contact. Control ofthe amount of dorsiflexion andpronation with footwear appropriatefor an individual athlete can lessen thelikelihood of injury. Similarly, theoccurrence of injury is reduced byshoes with midsole construction andpressure distribution characteristicsthat lessen the transmission of impactforces. Training parameters alsoinfluences impact loads. Increasedrunning speed causes a linearincrease in impact loads. Runningdownhill dramatically increasesimpact as well as moving the point offorce application on the foot,enhancing the risk of injury. Contraryto common belief, running on grassincreases impact shocks up to 30%above running on asphalt or apolyurethane track surface.Routine biomechanical assessment ofrunning mechanics, appropriatefootwear to control the movementpatterns and reduce impact loads aswell as informed training decisionsthat limit the magnitude and frequencyof impact loading will help the athleteachieve their training goals by stayinginjury free.The relationship between techniqueand performance is not as strong inrunning as it is in swimming andcycling. Running techniques thatreduce braking forces during initialfoot-ground contact have not beenclearly shown to improve runningefficiency. However runners with largevertical movement of the body’s C ofG have a higher energy cost and careshould be taken to limit these verticalmovements.Potential areas where biomechanicsmay help optimise runningperformance is with investigation ofthe pacing and tactical strategy of thebike leg and its influence on thesubsequent run performance.Investigation of power output recordsassociated with the cycle leg may leadto the evolution of an individualisedriding strategy that optimises runningperformance.ReferencesKyle C.R. Reduction of windresistance and power output of racingcyclists and runners travelling in29
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings from the Gatorade Inter
Page 3 and 4: Schedule of eventsDay 1: Monday Nov
Page 6 and 7: Maximising Athletic Performance….
Page 8 and 9: Ever since 1980, every world record
Page 10 and 11: Maximising Olympic Distance Triathl
Page 12 and 13: Common cycling - related injuries,e
Page 14 and 15: If heat illness is not treated prop
Page 16 and 17: Maximising Olympic Distance Triathl
Page 18: the triathlon run at an unsustainab
Page 21 and 22: system in a group of triathletes.Re
Page 23 and 24: to different race situations.Nevert
Page 25 and 26: carbohydrate diets for improvingend
Page 27: can identify problems that lead tos
Page 32 and 33: Maximising Olympic Distance Perform
Page 34 and 35: athletes and highlights the infancy
Page 36 and 37: weight training under a coach for e
Page 38 and 39: year I was ranked sixth in ITU Worl
Page 40: Guidance from high performancetriat
Page 44 and 45: Using hypobaric oxygen techniques a
Page 46 and 47: 1996) suggest treatment with hyperb
Page 48 and 49: elease, which will produce the desi
Page 51 and 52: 1994 season. Vancouver Canucksrepor
Page 54 and 55: 14 Days of Intermittent Hypoxia Doe
Page 56 and 57: and the six females all trained ins
Page 58 and 59: 95HR (bpm)857565Tre-hypoxicTre-norm
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAudran M, Gareau R, Matec
Page 62 and 63: Intermittent Hypoxic Training: A Re
Page 64 and 65: Intermittent Hypoxic Training, A Pi
Page 66 and 67: 3. IHR is often accompanied bya gen
Page 68 and 69: Reliability and validity of portabl
Page 70 and 71: 2Difference between repeated measur
Page 72: Stat LM3 lactate analyser3) It is a
Page 75 and 76: differences of male and female elit
Page 77 and 78: greater percentage of adipose tissu
Page 79 and 80:
Table 3 Girths: descriptive data &
Page 81 and 82:
greater than chest girth (t= -5.20,
Page 83 and 84:
that the upper body or trunk hasdev
Page 85 and 86:
study was 19.0 years, which is grea
Page 87 and 88:
Training adaptation and biologicalc
Page 89 and 90:
the steady state time trial (Smith
Page 91 and 92:
the maximum heart rate reached byea
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Subject characteristicsTes
Page 95 and 96:
Mid Run VO 2ValuesOxygen Values (L.
Page 97 and 98:
performance is expected following a
Page 100 and 101:
The Lactate Index: Classification o
Page 102 and 103:
Fluid losses and Voluntary Fluid In
Page 104 and 105:
Table 1. Age groups in which New Ze
Page 106 and 107:
106
Page 108 and 109:
study will be used to present apred
Page 110 and 111:
ResultsTable 1. Mean environmental
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 1 shows that path analysis o
Page 114 and 115:
leg with greater total body waterwh
Page 116 and 117:
116
Page 118 and 119:
2 Jeukendrup, A. E., W. H. M. Saris
Page 120 and 121:
Notes:120
Page 122 and 123:
Notes:122
Page 124:
Notes:124
show all

MAXIMISING OLYMPIC DISTANCE TRIATHLON PERFORMANCE ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?