US Nuclear Weapons in Europe - Natural Resources Defense Council

U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe • Hans M. Kristensen/Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005
of 11 Jan 1994,” January 12, 1994, p. 1. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
105 U.S. Strategic Command/J513, Memorandum for the Record, “NSNF Working Group Meeting Minutes
of 18 Jan 1994,” January 22, 1994, pp. 1-2. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
106 U.S. Strategic Command/J513, “NSNF Working Group Meeting Minutes of 10 May 94,” May 10, 1994,
p. 1. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
107 Ibid., pp. 1, 2. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
108 Ibid.; U.S. Strategic Command/J513, “NSNF Working Group Meeting Minutes of 12 Apr 94,” April 14,
1994, p. 1. Both documents partially declassified and released under FOIA.
109 U.S. Strategic Command, “History of the United States Strategic Command 1 January 1995-14 February
1996, May 1, 1997, p. 5; USSTRATCOM/J531, "USSTRATCOM War Game Analysis Report For
SIOP 95," April 3, 1995, p. iv. Top Secret; USSTRATCOM/J513, Memorandum for the Record,
“NSNF Working Group Meeting Minutes of 15 Mar 94,” March 18, 1994, p. 1. All documents partially
declassified and released under FOIA.
110 U.S. Strategic Command/J513, Memorandum for the Record, “NSNF Working Group Meeting Minutes
of 29 Mar 94,” March 31, 1994, p. 1. Italics added. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
111 U.S. Strategic Command, “Extracts from USCINCSTRAT Brief for EUCOM Visit (Nov 1994),” 1
November 1994. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
112 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, “CJCS Counterproliferation Missions and Functions Study Final
Report,” n.d. [March 1995], p. B-3-1. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
113 Ibid, p. B-3-10.
114 NATO Press Communiqué M-DPC/NPG-1(94)38, “Final Communiqué,” May 24, 1994, paragraph 11.
115 Donna Haseley, “NATO Revamps Nuclear Planning to Put Premium on Last-Minute Battle Plans,”
Inside the Air Force, n.d. [1993].
116 Defense Information System Agency/DITCO-SCOTT, “Encore Task Order (TO) Statement of Work
(SOW),” attached to Contract DCA200-02-D-5014, as of July 22, 2002, p. 1; U.S. Strategic Command,
“STRATCOM Targeting, Analysis, and Mission Planning Support Study,” January 1998 (Revised
March 1998), p. 30. Partially declassified and released under FOIA.
117 Hans M. Kristensen, “Preemptive Posturing,” The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October
2002.
118 Department of the Air Force, HQ USAFE Office of History, “History of United States Air Forces in
Europe, Calendar Year 1992,” Volume I, September 28, 1993, p. 551; Department of the Air Force, HQ
USAFE Office of History, “History of United States Air Forces in Europe, Calendar Year 1994,”
Volume I, July 11, 1995, p. 717. Both documents partially declassified and released under FOIA.
119 In 1996, two years after the addition of the Tunisian range, the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) was signed. The treaty bans the use, threat of use, testing or stationing of
any nuclear explosive device. This does not appear to prohibit testing of B61 training weapons,
however, since these do not contain a nuclear device. Tunisia has signed but not ratified the treaty,
which has not entered into force due to lack of sufficient ratifications.
The U.S. Navy also used the range (although Navy aircraft were denuclearized after the 1994
Nuclear Posture Review) and described in 1997 how exercises with the Tunisian Air Force “provide out
forces an opportunity for bombing practices on Tunisian ranges, replicating the conditions under which
they may have to fly actual strike missions against a desert target.” Vice Admiral Steve Abbot, U.S.
Navy, Commander Sixth Fleet, Statement Before the Joint Hearing by the Committee on Readiness and
Subcommittee Military Personnel of the House of Representatives on Unit Readiness, People, and
Quality of Life,” March 4, 1997.
120 Herbert Welmers, “Cornfield Range Homepage,” n.d. [downloaded October 28, 2004], URL
. Reprinted with permission.
121 U.S. Strategic Command, “Overview of Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) Results,” n.d. [ca. September
22, 1994], p. 1. Released under FOIA.
The decision suggests that the U.S. force level in Europe at the time the NPR was completed
already had dropped to 480 weapons.
122 John Deutch, Deputy Secretary of Defense, Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services: Briefing
on Results of the Nuclear Posture Review, September 22, 1994, S. HRG. 103-870, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1994, p. 15.
123 Ibid., p. 16.
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