Suited for Spacewalking pdf - Virtual Astronaut

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Investigation: CreatingMicrogravityMicrogravity is easy to create. It is merely a matterof dropping objects.By falling, gravity's local effectsare greatly reduced.That means that if two objectsare falling together, gravity's influence on thembecomes nearly zero. For example, if a heavy weightis suspended from an elastic cord, the cord willstretch out. If the cord is released, the weight andcord begin to fall to the floor. With gravity's effectsgreatly reduced, the cord immediately retracts to itsrelaxed length.The following activities are methodsof creating microgravity in the classroom.Extensions• Challenge students to come up with a way ofsimulating the 2/5ths gravity of Mars.• Obtain a copy of the NASA curriculumsupplement Microgravity—Activity Guide forScience, Mathematics, and Technology Education,E G - 1 9 9 7 - 0 8 - 1 1 0 - H Q. The guide con t a i n splans and instructions for several additionalmicrogravity demonstrations.Materials and Tools ChecklistPaper cupMasking tapeRubber band (thin)Several washers or nutsScissorsObjective• To investigate microgravity.ProcedureS tep 1. Cut the ru b b er band and tie one end to the nutsor washer s . The nuts or washers should beh e avy enough to stre t ch the ru b b er band whensuspended from the free end.S tep 2. Tape the free end of the ru b b er band to theinside of the cup.S tep 3. Hold the cup upside down. Slowly tu rn the cupright side up so that the nuts or washers hangoutside the cup.S tep 4. Drop the cup to the floor from eye level .O b s erve what happens to the we i g h t s .S tep 5. Discuss the implications of m i c ro grav i ty ons p acesuit design. For ex a m p l e, how can fluids( w a ter cooling sy s te m , gas circ u l a t i o n , etc.) bem o ved in micro grav i ty ?Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 6 5
Exploration BriefMicrometeoroids and Space DebrisC o n t ex tA s t ronauts on spacewalks are likely to encounter fastmoving part i cles ca lled meteoro i d s .A meteoroid is usually a fragment of an asteroid consisting of ro ck and/orm e t a l .It can be ve ry large with a mass of seve ral hundred metric ton s ,or it can be ve ry small—a microm e t e-o roid which is a part i cle smaller than a grain of sand.M i c rom e t e o roids are usually fragments from com e t s .E ve ry day Earth's atmosph e re is stru ck by mill i ons ofm e t e o roids and microm e t e o ro i d s .Most never re a ch thes u rface because they are vapori zed by the intense heatg e n e rated by the fri c t i on of passing through the atmosphe re .It is ra re for a meteoroid to be large enough tos u rv i ve the descent through the atmosph e re and re a chsolid Eart h .If it does, it is ca lled a meteori t e .In space there is no blanket of atmosph e re to pro t e c ts p a c e c ra ft from the full force of meteoro i d s . It wasonce believed that meteoroids tra veling at velocities upto 80 kilometers per second would prove a great hazard to spacecra ft . H ow eve r, scientific satellites withm e t e o roid detection devices proved that the haza rdwas minimal. It was learned that the majori ty of meteoroids are too small to penetrate the hull of spacecra ft .Their impacts pri m a ri ly cause pitting and "sandblasting"of the cove ring surf a c e .R e c e n t y l spacecra ft debris is of great con c e rn to spacecra ft engineers. Thousands of space launches have leftm a ny fragments of launch ve h i cl e s ,paint ch i p s ,and other"space trash" in orb i t .Most part i cles are small , but theyt ra vel at speeds of nearly 8,000 meters per secon d .T h e s espace-age part i cles have become a significant haza rd tos p a c e c ra t fand to astronauts on extra vehicular activities.Engineers have protected spacecra ft from microm e t e-o roids and space trash in a number of ways , i n cl u d i n gt h i ck - w a l lcon s t ru c t i on and mu l t i - l ayer shields con s i s t-ing of foil and hyd ro ca rb on materi a l s .A microm e t e-o roid striking mu l t i - l ayer shields disintegrates intoh a rmless gas that disperses on inner wall s . Sp a c e s u i t sp rovide impact pro t e c t i on through various fabri c - l aye rc om b i n a t i ons and stra t e g i ca ly l placed rigid materi a l s .Although effe c t i ve for part i cles of small mass, t h e s ep ro t e c t i ve strategies do little if the part i cle is large. It ise s p e c i a lly important for spacewalking astronauts to beca reful when they repair satellites or do assembly jobson the Intern a t i onal Space St a t i on .A lost bolt or nutcould damage a future space mission through an accidentalcoll i s i on .( No t e :Low orbit tends to be cl e a rer ofp a rt i cles than higher orbits because low orbit part i cl e stend to decay and burn up in the atmosph e re.)Suited for Spacewalking An Activity Guide for Technology Education, Mathematics, and Science, EG-1998-03-112-HQ • 6 7
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National Aeronauticsand Space Admin
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National Education StandardsThe act
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National Mathematics StandardsNatio
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M e a s u r e m e n tThis activity
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need to be able to move arms, hands
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out in the vacuum of space.Dissolve
Page 16 and 17: Project MercuryEarly spacesuit desi
Page 18 and 19: to occur for the first time. As wit
Page 20 and 21: crew, an additional portable heat s
Page 22 and 23: and reentry, special orange-colored
Page 24 and 25: The SCU contains lines for power, c
Page 26 and 27: 17.Communications Carrier Assembly
Page 28 and 29: settings to be read. Setting number
Page 30 and 31: digital display on the chest-mounte
Page 32 and 33: Astronaut Joe Tanner works on the H
Page 34 and 35: humidity when oxygen is flowing fro
Page 36 and 37: The problem of picking up rocks and
Page 38 and 39: Bruce McCandless II pilots the MMU
Page 40 and 41: Mark C.Lee test flies the Simplifie
Page 42 and 43: STS-76 astronaut Michael R. Cliffor
Page 44 and 45: Spacesuit technicians test the mobi
Page 46 and 47: Future spacewalkers will roam the s
Page 48 and 49: Introduction:The steps spacesuit en
Page 50 and 51: Design BriefC o n t ex t :Spacesuit
Page 52 and 53: Interface Control DocumentPage 1 Of
Page 54 and 55: Pulley close-upviewthe buck e t . T
Page 56 and 57: to them. Use a metric ruler for mea
Page 58 and 59: steel would make an excellent micro
Page 60 and 61: d ay or tw o, Ap o llo spacesuit ma
Page 63 and 64: Sleeve and Leg TesterInflated segme
Page 65: ity alone.If a scale were present,
Page 69 and 70: InvestigationPotato Astronaut—Par
Page 71 and 72: Exploration BriefKeeping Your CoolC
Page 73 and 74: AssessmentHave students design a gr
Page 75 and 76: InvestigationInsulating LayersIn th
Page 77 and 78: e nv i ronment experienced in Earth
Page 79 and 80: Arm Range of Movement Data SheetSub
Page 81 and 82: Body Size Range MeasurementsBased o
Page 83 and 84: ProcedureStep 1. Obtain the materia
Page 85 and 86: Magnified view oftire valve and cla
Page 87 and 88: Extensions• Compare the stiffness
Page 89 and 90: 2. Tethers4. Connector Seal TestPla
Page 91 and 92: 9. Vacuum Experiment - 1Obtain an e
Page 93 and 94: You can investigate neutral buoyanc
Page 95 and 96: MMUMercuryORUPLSSRegolithRMSSCUSkyl
Page 97 and 98: NA S A’s Central Ope ra tion of R
Page 99: Suited for Spacew a l k i n gA Te a
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