A Management Guide for Invasive Plants in Southern Forests James ...

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104Resource Information (continued)Articles and Reports (continued)Bruce, K.A.; Cameron, G.N.; Harcombe, P.A.; Jubinsky, G. 1997. Introduction, impact on native habitats, andmanagement of a woody invader, the Chinese tallow-tree, Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. Natural Areas Journal.17: 255–260.Call, N.M.; Coble, H.D.; Perez-Fernandez, T. 2000. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) herbicide susceptibility andcompetitiveness in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Weed Technology. 14: 252–260.Capo-chichi, L.J.A; Faircloth, W.H.; Williamson, A.G.; Patterson, M.G.; Miller, J.H.; van Santen, E. 2008. Invasiondynamics and genotypic diversity of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) at the point of introduction in theSoutheastern United States. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 1:133–141.Carlson, A.M.; Grochov, D.L. 2004. Effects of herbicide on the invasive biennial Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) andinitial responses of native plants in a southwestern Ohio forest. Restoration Ecology. 12:559– 567.Culley, T.M.; Hardiman, N.A. 2007. The beginning of a new invasive plant: a history of the ornamental callery pear inthe United States. BioScience. 57: 956–964.DeMeester, J.E.; Richter, D. D. 2009. Restoring restoration; removal of the invasive plant Microstegium vimineumfrom a North Carolina wetland. Biological Invasions. Published online June 12, 2009. http://www.springerlink.com/content/86x34u9176436025/ [Date accessed: December 14, 2009].Demers, C.; Long, A. 2002. Controlling invasive exotic plants in north Florida forests. Ext. Publ. SS–FOR–19.Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 9 p.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. [Date accessed: April 20, 2005].Derr, J.F. 1989. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) control with metsulfuron. Weed Technology. 3: 381–384.Dickens, R.; Buchanan, G.A. 1975. Control of cogongrass with herbicides. Weed Science. 23:194–197.DiTomaso, J.M.; Kyser, G.B. 2007. Control of Ailanthus altissima using stem herbicide application techniques.Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33: 55–63.Donahue, C.; Rogers, W.E.; Siemann, E. 2006. Restoring an invaded prairie by mulching live Sapium sebiferum(Chinese tallow trees): effects of mulch on Sapium seed germination. Natural Areas Journal. 26: 244–253.Dozier, H.; Gaffney, J.J.; McDonald, S.K.; Johnson, E.R.R.L.; Shilling, D.G. 1998. Cogongrass in the United States:history, ecology, impacts, and management. Weed Technology. 12:737–743.Dreyer, G.D. 1988. Efficacy of triclopyr in rootkilling oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata Thunb.) and certain otherwoody weeds. Northeast Weed Science Society Annual Meeting Proceedings. 42: 120–121.Edgin, B.; Ebinger, J.E. 2001. Control of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) at Beall Woods Nature Preserve,Illinois, USA. Natural Areas Journal. 21: 386–388.Edwards, M.B.; Gonzalez, F.E. 1986. Forestry herbicide control of kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle in loblolly pinesites in central Georgia. Southern Weed Science Society Annual Meeting Proceedings. 39: 272–275.Everest, J.W.; Miller, J.H.; Ball, D.M.; Patterson, M. 1999. Kudzu in Alabama: history, uses, and control. ANR–65.Auburn, AL: Alabama Cooperative Extension. 6 p.Faircloth, W. H.; Patterson, M.G.; Teem, D.H.; Miller, J.H. 2003. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica): management tacticson rights-of-way. Southern Weed Science Society Annual Meeting Proceedings. 55:162.continued
105Resource Information (continued)Articles and Reports (continued)Ferrell, J.A.; Mullahey, J.J.; Langeland, K.A.; Kline, W.N. 2006. Control of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) withaminopyralid. Weed Technology. 20: 453–457.Flory, S.L.; Clay, K. 2009. Invasive plant removal methods determines native plant community responses. Journal ofApplied Ecology. 46: 434–442.Flory, S.L. 2010. Management of Microtegium vimineum invasions and recovery of resident plant communities.Restoration Ecology. 18:103–112.Frey, M.N.; Herms, C.P.; Cardina, J. 2007. Cold weather applications of glyphosate for garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)control. Weed Technology. 21: 656–660.Gan, J.; Miller, J. H.; Wang, H.; Taylor, J. W. 2009. Invasion of tallow tree in the Southern U. S. forests: influencingfactors and implications for mitigation. Canadian Journal Forest Research. 39: 1346–1356.Gioeli, K.; Langeland, K. 2006. Brazilian pepper-tree control. Ext. Publ. SS–AGR–17. Gainesville, FL: University ofFlorida, Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 7 p. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA219. [Dateaccessed: April 27, 2007].Glasgow, L.S.; Matlack, G.R. 2006. The effects of prescribed burning and canopy openness on establishment of twonon-native plant species in a deciduous forest, southeast Ohio, USA. Forest Ecology and Management.238: 319–329.Harrington, T.B.; Miller, J.H. 2005. Effects of application rate, timing, and formulation of glyphosate and triclopyr oncontrol of Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense). Weed Technology. 19: 47–54.Johnson, J; Griffin, S; Taylor, J. Aerial glyphosate application to control privet in mature hardwood stands.Macon, GA, Georgia Forestry Commission, http://www.gatrees.org/ForestManagement/documents/AerialGlyphosateApplicationtoControlPrivet2009.pdf [Date accessed: February 2, 2010].Jose, S.; Cox, J.; Miller, D.L.; Shilling, D.G.; Merritt, S. 2002. Alien plant invasions: the story of cogongrass insoutheastern forests. Journal of Forestry. 100:41–44.Judge, C.A.; Neal, J.C.; Derr, J.F. 2005. Response of Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) to applicationtiming, rate, and frequency of postemergence herbicides. Weed Technology. 19: 912–917.King, S.E.; Grace, J.B. 2000. The effects of soil flooding on the establishment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), anonindigenous invader of the Southeastern United States. Wetlands. 20:300–306.Klepac, J.; Rummer, R.B.; Hanula, J.L.; Horn, S. 2007. Mechanical removal of Chinese privet. Res. Pap. SRS–43.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 5 p.Kline, W.N.; Duquesnel, J.G. 1996. Control of problem vegetation: a key to ecosystem management. Down to Earth.51: 20–28.Koger, T.H.; Stritzke, J.F. 1997. Influence of herbicide timing and mowing on control of sericea lespedeza (Lespedezacuneata). Southern Weed Science Society Annual Meeting Proceedings. 50: 76.Loewenstein, N.J.; Miller J.H, eds. 2007. Proceedings of the regional cogongrass conference: a cogongrassmanagement guide. Auburn University, AL: Alabama Cooperative Extension System. 77 p. http://www.cogongrass.org/conference.cfm. [Date accessed: February 4, 2010].continued
Page 4 and 5:
AcknowledgmentsThe clarity and accu
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Contents (continued)Basic Spraying
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IntroductionOnly recently has the e
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Recently escaped plants can remain
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• Formulation of coordinated cont
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Preparation always has been critica
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9Elements and Tasks of an Invasive
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When moving cut invasive plants tha
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4. Eradicate, control or contain, a
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16Foliar and Soil-Active Herbicides
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18Mixing HerbicidesAlways use clean
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21Selective Herbicide ApplicationsA
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23Basal Sprays and WipesBasal spray
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25Special tree injectors are availa
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27Soil SpotsSpots of soil-active he
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Spray nozzle systems for tractors a
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Tractor-Mounted Weed WickApplicator
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Hand clippers are useful for cuttin
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35Skid-Steer LoadersPaul David Blak
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Attachments for bulldozers are desc
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Prescribed burn effectiveness—The
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41Steven T. ManningCare of the herd
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Herbicide placement, as it relates
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46Invasive TreesInvasive tree speci
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48CamphortreeCamphortree [Cinnamomu
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50Chinese ParasoltreeChinese paraso
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52Paper MulberryPaper mulberry [Bro
Page 62: 54Russian OliveChris EvansPatrick B
Page 65 and 66: 57Tree-of-HeavenTree-of-heaven or a
Page 67 and 68: 59Tungoil TreeTungoil tree [Vernici
Page 69 and 70: 61Bush HoneysucklesAmurAmurAmurAmur
Page 71 and 72: 63Hen’s Eyes, Coral ArdisiaDavid
Page 74 and 75: 66Japanese KnotweedSteven T. Mannin
Page 76: 68Leatherleaf MahoniaNancy Loewenst
Page 79 and 80: 71Shrubby Nonnative LespedezasShrub
Page 81 and 82: 73Tropical Soda AppleJohn EverestCh
Page 83 and 84: Invasive VinesInvasive vines are so
Page 85 and 86: 77Five-Leaf Akebia, Chocolate VineS
Page 87 and 88: 79KudzuErwin ChamblissTed BodnerTed
Page 89 and 90: 81Nonnative WisteriasTed BodnerTed
Page 91 and 92: 83Vincas, PeriwinklesBigleaf periwi
Page 93 and 94: 85Invasive Grasses and CanesNonnati
Page 95 and 96: 87CogongrassCharles BrysonCogongras
Page 98 and 99: 90Nepalese Browntop, Japanese Stilt
Page 100 and 101: 92Weeping LovegrassWeeping lovegras
Page 102 and 103: 94Invasive ForbsForbs are broadleaf
Page 104 and 105: 96Chinese LespedezaTed BodnerChines
Page 106 and 107: 98CrownvetchCrownvetch [Securigera
Page 108 and 109: 100Nodding Plumeless Thistle, Musk
Page 111: 103Resource InformationBooksBurrrel
Page 115 and 116: 107Resource Information (continued)
Page 117: 109Resource Information (continued)
Page 120 and 121: 112Appendix A —Nonnative Invasive
Page 122 and 123: 114Appendix A —Nonnative Invasive
Page 124 and 125: 116Appendix B —Nonnative Invasive
Page 126 and 127: 118Appendix C —Low-Growing Native
Page 128: 120Pesticide Precautionary Statemen
Page 131: The Forest Service, U.S. Department
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