A Management Guide for Invasive Plants in Southern Forests James ...

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AcknowledgmentsThe clarity and accuracy of descriptions of integrated invasive plant management programs, tools, treatments, and prescriptionshave been measurably improved by the sizable and appreciated reviews of these experts: Chris Evans, Coordinator,River to River Cooperative Weed Management Area, Marion, IL; Nancy Fraley, Coordinator, Southeast Exotic Plant ManagementTeam, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Asheville, NC; Patrick Minogue, Assistant Professor ofSilviculture, the University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL; David Moorhead, Professorand Codirector, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, the University of Georgia, Tifton, GA; and Matt Nespeca,Executive Director, Conservation Land Company, Inc., Charleston, SC. Layout and photo management were by Erwin B.Chambliss, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southern Research Station, Auburn University, AL.All plant images by James H. Miller and posted on Bugwood.org, with crucial contributions by:Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, Bugwood.orgTed Bodner, copyrighted by the University of Georgia Press for “Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses”(used by permission)Paul Bolstad, University of Minnesota, Bugwood.orgPatrick Breen, Oregon State University, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, OR, Bugwood.orgJohn D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.orgCharles T. Bryson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, Stoneville, MS,Bugwood.orgGary Buckingham, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.orgErwin B. Chambliss, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, ALTerry Clason, Louisiana USDA Natural Resources and Conservation Service, Alexandria, LASteve Dewey, Utah State University Extension, Logan, UT, Bugwood.orgChris Evans, River to River Cooperative Weed Management Area, Marion, IL, Bugwood.orgJohn Everest, Department of Agronomy & Soils, Auburn University, Auburn, ALWilson Faircloth, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Dawson, GANancy Fraley, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Asheville, NCGreat Smoky Mountains National Park, Resource Management Archive, USDI National Park Service, Gatlinburg, TN,Bugwood.orgKarl Haagsma, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Youngstown, OHNewt Hardie, The Kudzu Coalition, Spartanburg, SCJane Hargeaves, Progressive Associates, Asheville, NCDick Henry, Bellwether Solutions, Concord, NHBen Jackson, University of Georgia, Bugwood.orgMichael Jordan, Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, ALSteven Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Bugwood.orgJohn Klepac, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, ALNancy Loewenstein, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, ALJohn Lyddon, Star Hill Solutions, Inc., Half Moon Bay, CASteven T. Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Inc., Nashville, TN, Bugwood.orgDennis Markwardt, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TXJohn McGuire, Westervelt Wildlife Services, Tuscaloosa, ALLeslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, Bugwood.orgDana Mitchell, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, ALDavid J. Moorhead, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, Bugwood.orgFred Nation, Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Weeks Bay, ALRon Nehrig, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Youngstown, OHOhio State Weed Lab Archive, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.orgChristopher Oswalt, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, Knoxville, TNOutdoors Magic, http://www.outdoorsmagic.com/Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources—Forestry Archive, Harrisburg, PA, Bugwood.orgCorrie Pieterson, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FLJohn M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, University of California, Davis, CA, Bugwood.orgJeff Sibley, Department of Horticulture, Auburn University, Auburn, ALForest and Kim Starr, U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.orgSpraying Systems, Inc., Wheaton, ILGena Todia, Wetland Resources Environmental Consulting, Fairhope, ALUSDA Forest Service Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orgDale Wade, Rx Fire Doctor, Bugwood.orgWaldrum Specialties, Inc., Southhampton, PAGovernment of Western Australia, Department of Agriculture and Food, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WAChad Zorn, Lostwood WMD Complex, Kenmare, NDPlant names from:USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Plants Database: http://plants. usda.gov with recent published modifications.ii
ContentsAbstract ......................................................................... iAcknowledgments ................................................................. iiIntroduction ...................................................................... 1General Principles for Managing Nonnative Invasive Plants ............................... 3Regional and State Program Elements for Invasive Plant Management ..................... 4Strategies for Confronting a Spreading Invader ......................................... 6Managing Outlier Areas ........................................................... 6Managing the Advancing Front of Invasive Infestations ................................... 6Managing Severely Infested Areas .................................................. 6A Shift in Mindset Must Occur Followed by Actions ..................................... 6Principles to Follow ................................................................ 7Considerations in Developing a Site-Specific Plan ...................................... 7What Is the Long-Term Plan for the Site? ............................................. 7What Is the Need for Selectivity? ................................................... 8What Is the Intensity of Infestation? ................................................. 8How Does Timing Affect Control Methods? ............................................ 8What Type of Labor Will Work on the Site? ............................................ 8How Important Is Cost? ........................................................... 8Elements and Tasks of an Invasive Plant Management Program ........................... 9Effective Treatments for Integrated Management of Nonnative Invasive Plants ............... 13Safety First* ....................................................................... 13Suggested Personal Protective Equipment by Task ..................................... 13Application of Herbicides ......................................................... 14Transport of Herbicides ........................................................... 14Herbicide Spill Procedures ........................................................ 14Herbicide Application Methods ...................................................... 15Selecting an Effective Herbicide ..................................................... 15Foliar-Active (Primarily) Herbicides .................................................. 15Foliar and Soil-Active Herbicides ................................................... 16Adjuvants and Additives to Herbicide Spray Solutions ................................... 16Mixing Herbicides ................................................................. 18Backpack Sprayers ................................................................ 18Spray Nozzles .................................................................. 19Sprayer Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Backpack Sprayer Calibration ...................................................... 20Selective Herbicide Applications ..................................................... 21Directed Foliar Sprays and Wipes ................................................... 21Basal Sprays and Wipes .......................................................... 23Stem Injection .................................................................. 24Cut-Treat ...................................................................... 25Hand Sprayers for Injection and Cut-Treat* ............................................. 26Handsaws or Cutting Blades* ........................................................ 26Chainsaws .................................................................... 26Brush Saws ................................................................... 26Soil Spots ..................................................................... 27Under Development: Pneumatic Applicator for Herbicide Ballistic Technology ................. 27Broadcast Herbicide Applications .................................................... 27Utility Skid and Trailer-Mounted Sprayers ............................................. 27continuedPage* Headings in gold italics denote sidebars in text.iii
Page 6 and 7: Contents (continued)Basic Spraying
Page 9 and 10: IntroductionOnly recently has the e
Page 11 and 12: Recently escaped plants can remain
Page 13 and 14: • Formulation of coordinated cont
Page 15 and 16: Preparation always has been critica
Page 17 and 18: 9Elements and Tasks of an Invasive
Page 19 and 20: When moving cut invasive plants tha
Page 21: 4. Eradicate, control or contain, a
Page 24 and 25: 16Foliar and Soil-Active Herbicides
Page 26: 18Mixing HerbicidesAlways use clean
Page 29 and 30: 21Selective Herbicide ApplicationsA
Page 31 and 32: 23Basal Sprays and WipesBasal spray
Page 33 and 34: 25Special tree injectors are availa
Page 35 and 36: 27Soil SpotsSpots of soil-active he
Page 37 and 38: Spray nozzle systems for tractors a
Page 39 and 40: Tractor-Mounted Weed WickApplicator
Page 41 and 42: Hand clippers are useful for cuttin
Page 43 and 44: 35Skid-Steer LoadersPaul David Blak
Page 45 and 46: Attachments for bulldozers are desc
Page 47 and 48: Prescribed burn effectiveness—The
Page 49 and 50: 41Steven T. ManningCare of the herd
Page 51: Herbicide placement, as it relates
Page 54 and 55:
46Invasive TreesInvasive tree speci
Page 56 and 57:
48CamphortreeCamphortree [Cinnamomu
Page 58 and 59:
50Chinese ParasoltreeChinese paraso
Page 60 and 61:
52Paper MulberryPaper mulberry [Bro
Page 62:
54Russian OliveChris EvansPatrick B
Page 65 and 66:
57Tree-of-HeavenTree-of-heaven or a
Page 67 and 68:
59Tungoil TreeTungoil tree [Vernici
Page 69 and 70:
61Bush HoneysucklesAmurAmurAmurAmur
Page 71 and 72:
63Hen’s Eyes, Coral ArdisiaDavid
Page 74 and 75:
66Japanese KnotweedSteven T. Mannin
Page 76:
68Leatherleaf MahoniaNancy Loewenst
Page 79 and 80:
71Shrubby Nonnative LespedezasShrub
Page 81 and 82:
73Tropical Soda AppleJohn EverestCh
Page 83 and 84:
Invasive VinesInvasive vines are so
Page 85 and 86:
77Five-Leaf Akebia, Chocolate VineS
Page 87 and 88:
79KudzuErwin ChamblissTed BodnerTed
Page 89 and 90:
81Nonnative WisteriasTed BodnerTed
Page 91 and 92:
83Vincas, PeriwinklesBigleaf periwi
Page 93 and 94:
85Invasive Grasses and CanesNonnati
Page 95 and 96:
87CogongrassCharles BrysonCogongras
Page 98 and 99:
90Nepalese Browntop, Japanese Stilt
Page 100 and 101:
92Weeping LovegrassWeeping lovegras
Page 102 and 103:
94Invasive ForbsForbs are broadleaf
Page 104 and 105:
96Chinese LespedezaTed BodnerChines
Page 106 and 107:
98CrownvetchCrownvetch [Securigera
Page 108 and 109:
100Nodding Plumeless Thistle, Musk
Page 111 and 112:
103Resource InformationBooksBurrrel
Page 113 and 114:
105Resource Information (continued)
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117:
Page 120 and 121:
112Appendix A —Nonnative Invasive
Page 122 and 123:
114Appendix A —Nonnative Invasive
Page 124 and 125:
116Appendix B —Nonnative Invasive
Page 126 and 127:
118Appendix C —Low-Growing Native
Page 128:
120Pesticide Precautionary Statemen
Page 131:
The Forest Service, U.S. Department
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A Management Guide for Invasive Plants in Southern Forests James ...

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