22Handheld weed wicks and rollers apply ultra-low volumes by wip<strong>in</strong>g theherbicide mix onto the target leaf surfaces or bark; the herbicide mixtureis conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the handle. A few commercial models are manufactured <strong>in</strong>Australia and New Zealand, but devices also can be handmade from PVCtub<strong>in</strong>g, fitt<strong>in</strong>gs, and a sealed on sponge or rope wick and fitted to the wand of abackpack sprayer. Most wick systems have limited use and durability <strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>estand field situations, but are useful when the applicator needs to avoid apply<strong>in</strong>gherbicide to rare or protected plants. Similar to a weed wick applicator, a roll<strong>in</strong>gsponge head isanother drift-freetool option that allowsapplicationdirectly to targetedspecies.The THINVERTApplication Systemuses a seriesof special spraynozzles to applyth<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vert emulsionspray solutions(th<strong>in</strong> mayonnaiselikeconsistency) togreatly reduce driftand evaporation ofspray particles onHandmade basal bark wiper.the plant surface.The nozzles anda comb<strong>in</strong>ation of special oil soluble herbicide (triclopyr) and emulsify<strong>in</strong>gagent have been developed and sold by Arborchem Products Company(717–766–6661, www.arborchem.com). This system comb<strong>in</strong>es the uniquespray nozzle and spray carrier <strong>in</strong>to a coord<strong>in</strong>ated unit <strong>for</strong> aerial or groundapplications to roadsides, rangeland, cropland, <strong>in</strong>dustrial sites, <strong>for</strong>ests, andlandscape areas. Th<strong>in</strong>vert sprays can be applied to foliage as well as stemsor cut-stumps where absolutely no drift can be tolerated, such as immediatelyadjacent to neighbor<strong>in</strong>g croplands and special rare plant habitats.Foliar wick applicator.Steven T. Mann<strong>in</strong>gTHINVERT Application System.Steven T. Mann<strong>in</strong>g
23Basal Sprays and WipesBasal sprays are herbicide-oil-penetrant mixtures sprayed on the lower portion ofwoody shrub, v<strong>in</strong>e, and tree stems. The sprays are usually applied with a backpacksprayer or wick applicator. Basal sprays are best where most trees are less than8 <strong>in</strong>ches diameter breast height (d.b.h.), but can be used on much larger treesof susceptible species. Application is to smooth juvenile bark by thoroughly wett<strong>in</strong>gthe lower 12 to 20 <strong>in</strong>ches of the trunk, up to 36 <strong>in</strong>ches on larger trees to thegroundl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the root-collar area and any exposed roots. Smaller treesand shrubs are controlled with less coverage. Avoid spray contact with desirabletrees or heavy use with<strong>in</strong> their root zone.The herbicide must be an oil-soluble <strong>for</strong>mulation, such as Garlon 4 and Stalker,and mixed with a special basal oil product, penetrat<strong>in</strong>g oil, diesel fuel, fuel oil, m<strong>in</strong>eraloil, vegetable oil with a penetrant, or blends of these <strong>in</strong>gredients. Appropriateoils will be specified on the label. Some oils may be prohibited <strong>for</strong> application <strong>in</strong>riparian areas and wetlands. Use an adjustable cone nozzle with a coarse spray.For less off-target spray on smaller trees, use an even flat-fan nozzle with a fairlynarrow angle and low volume (such as a 4002E, oriented crosswise to the wand<strong>for</strong> a spray that lands <strong>in</strong> a vertical band on the stem).Basal spray applications.Some herbicides, such as Pathf<strong>in</strong>der II and V<strong>in</strong>e-X (triclopyr herbicides), are soldready to use with these oils. V<strong>in</strong>e-X is sold <strong>in</strong> an applicator bottle with a brush tipsuitable <strong>for</strong> gardeners and homeowners.A modified method, streaml<strong>in</strong>ed basal sprays, is effective <strong>for</strong> many woody speciesup to 2 <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> groundl<strong>in</strong>e diameter and susceptible species up to 6 <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong>diameter, such as privets. Equipment <strong>for</strong> this treatment is a backpack sprayer witha spray gun and a low-flow straight-stream or narrow-angle spray tip. To preventwaste, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> pressure below 30 pounds per square <strong>in</strong>ch with a pressure regulator.At this pressure, an effective reach of 9 feet is possible while bark splash ism<strong>in</strong>imized. For treat<strong>in</strong>g stems less than 2 <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> diameter, apply the stream ofspray up and down s<strong>in</strong>gle stems <strong>for</strong> about 6 to 8 <strong>in</strong>ches or apply across multiplestems <strong>in</strong> 2- to 3-<strong>in</strong>ch-wide bands. This multiple-band treatment also can be effectiveon larger stems. Direct the spray stream to smooth juvenile bark about 4to 18 <strong>in</strong>ches from the ground and below branches. Stems that are thick barkedor near 3 <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> diameter require treatment on all sides.The most effective time period <strong>in</strong> most of the South <strong>for</strong> a basal spray and streaml<strong>in</strong>eis June through September, while w<strong>in</strong>ter treatments are easier when leavesdo not block access and spray. Fall, w<strong>in</strong>ter, and late spr<strong>in</strong>g applications are oftennot as effective, though the period from February 15 to April 1 has shown acceptableresults. After treat<strong>in</strong>g with a basal spray, wait at least 6 months be<strong>for</strong>ecutt<strong>in</strong>g dead trees, because herbicide activity with<strong>in</strong> plant roots can cont<strong>in</strong>ue <strong>for</strong>an extended period.Spray dye <strong>for</strong> basal spray.Steven T. Mann<strong>in</strong>gStreaml<strong>in</strong>e basal spray.