A Phonemic Analysis of the Apurinã Language

V.b.V.b.V.b.Vowels (cont.)/a/initial = [a] medial = [a] ~ [ʌ] final = [ʌ]ami'ʌnʌtʌ 'he is sick' po'mʌmʌ nι'aŋkυ ι'mʌŋkʌ 'his clothes''my hair is black'a'marι'nιkι 'child' poŋkʌ'marʌ 'red' makυ'rιnʌ 'arrow'aȼʌ'narι 'macaco ι'tarι 'his brother' ka'nawʌ 'canoe'barrigudo'ka'ȼari'pɛ̃ 'muddy ι'taro 'his sister' oyυ'piʌ 'a bird'water'pa'ȼυnti 'eel' ι'sawʌkʌ 'he cuts' ι'sʌnʌ 'left (side)'pa'gιnι 'sum, total' oki'šʌtʌ 'she scrapes' oki'šʌtʌ 'she scrapes'ba'ȼι·ro 'it smarts' ka'saro 'naked' kʌ'saro 'naked'kai'kιrι 'alligator' tʌgʌ'tarι 'clay basin' pιgι'sʌkʌ 'you skin(animal)'pa'tari 'chicken' bʌbʌtʌ'garι 'it is hot' a'yʌtʌ 'he hunts''tatʌ 'umari' iyʌ'šiti 'sky' 'atʌ 'we'Vowels (cont.)/ã/initial = [ã] medial = [ã] ~ [ʌ̃] final = [ʌ̃]'aŋkι 'inside' o'ampι 'her bone' ʌmbʌ'rʌ̃ 'water''nambʌ 'where?'arυkʌ'nʌntʌ 'he iswashing'ιpυ'ʌ̃ 'pond, puddle'a·n'ȼobʌ 'leaf' ι'wʌŋkʌ 'his name' ka'pυ̃ʌ̃ 'strong (tobacco)'šam'bυkʌ 'full' a'nʌmpʌ 'male dog' i'cĩʌ̃ 'smoke'mʌŋ'gači 'clothes' ι'tʌntʌ 'his shell' mapi'ʌ̃ 'dark'ã'sυkʌ 'to hit' amʌn'tι·rι 'fruit' nιεnʌ'mʌ̃ 'my saliva'ãã'yʌtʌ 'we hunt' ιŋʌn'ȼã 'sap' mi'tã· 'winter'Vowels (cont.)/o//õ/[υ] [o] [υ̃] ~ [õ]kυ'kυι 'falcon' ko'kυι 'falcon' kυŋ'kυ̃ɛ̃ 'parrot'ι'kυȼʌ 'root'ι'koȼʌ 'root'ȼa'rυtʌ 'clam shell' ȼa'rotʌ 'clam shell'nι'bυtυ 'my lip'nι'boto 'my lip'pa'wærυ 'aruanã (a fish)' pa'wæro 'aruanã (a fish)'no'tʌkυ 'a beetle' no'tʌko 'a beetle'kašibi'υkι 'a caterpillar' kašibi'okι 'a caterpillar'ko·'tυrι 'king snake' ko·'torι 'king snake'26