A Phonemic Analysis of the ApurinÃ£ Language

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a. Consonants:/y/ [ỹ] - vd. high close front unrounded nasalized non-syllabic vocoid. Occurs onlybetween nasalized vowels or word initial before a nasalized vowel.[y] - vd. high close front unrounded non-syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere./h̃/ [h̃] - vl. nasalized glottal fricative. (Occurs only with two morphemes).b. Vowels:/i/ [I] - vl. high close front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs only utterance finallyafter voiceless stops or affricates.[i] - vd. high close front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere andfluctuates freely with [I] in its environment./ĩ/ [ĩ] - vd. high close front unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid./ι/ [Ι] - vl. high open front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs only utterance finallyafter voiceless stops or affricates.[i̶̵] - vd. high open central unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs after /p/ or /m/ andfollowed by /r/. After a labial consonant and followed by alveolarconsonants other than /r/ the phonetic exponent of /ι/ lies in between [ι]and [i̵].[ι] - vd. high open front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere andfluctuates freely with [Ι] in its environment./ι̃/ [ĩ̶̵] - vd. high open central unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid. Occurs after /p/ or/m/ and followed by /r/.[ι̃] - vd. high open front unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere./ε/ [Ɛ] - vl. mid open front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs only utterance finallyafter voiceless stops or affricates.[ε] - vd. mid open front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere andfluctuates freely with [Ɛ] in its environment.[æ] - vd. low close front unrounded syllabic vocoid. Fluctuates freely with [ε]except that it doesn't occur word finally. In the sequence /εrε/ the first /ε/tends to be more open than the second. Though some words seem toconsistently exhibit one or the other of these phones there is no convincingevidence of contrast between them./ɛ̃/ [ɛ̃] - vd. mid open front unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid.[æ̃] - vd. low close front unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid. Fluctuates freelywith [ε̃].32
a/ [Ʌ] - vl. low close central unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs only utterance finallyafter voiceless stops or affricates.[ʌ] - vd. low close central unrounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere andfluctuates freely with [Ʌ] in its environment. It occurs primarily wordfinally and in unstressed syllables. It infrequently occurs in word initialsyllables or in stressed syllables except where it follows a nasal contoid.[a] - vd. low open central unrounded syllabic vocoid. Fluctuates with [ʌ] exceptword finally. It occurs primarily word initially and in stressed syllablesalthough a nasal contoid in the immediate environment tends to make itmore close. Before /r/ the vocoid tends to be more open than the norm forthe environment (stressed or nonstressed). Though there is some fluctuationacross the conditioning factors there is no convincing evidence of contrastbetween these phones.[a˂] -vd. fronted low open central unrounded syllabic vocoid. This phone at timesis so far front as to be confused with [æ]. It has been observed primarily ina stressed syllable and before /r/ (at the same time). It may be that thephonemic affiliation of the low front area is in flux./ã/ [ʌ̃] - vd. low close central unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid.[ã] - -vd. low open central unrounded nasalized syllabic vocoid. Fluctuates with[ʌ̃]. These phones follow, in general, the conditioning factors of their oralcounterparts./o/ [U] - vl. high open back rounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs only utterance finallyafter voiceless stops or affricates.[υ] - vd. high open back rounded syllabic vocoid. Occurs elsewhere and fluctuatesfreely with [U] in its environment. It is the preferred phone except wordinitially.[o] - vd. mid close back rounded syllabic vocoid. Fluctuates with [υ] wordmedially. It usually occurs word initially while [υ] occurs word finally.There is some fluctuation in all environments, but no evidence of contrast./õ/ [υ̃] - vd. high open back rounded nasalized syllabic vocoid.[õ] - vd. mid close back rounded nasalized syllabic vocoid. Fluctuates with [υ̃].These phones follow, in general, the conditioning factors of their oralcounterparts.33
Page 1 and 2: A Phonemic Analysis of the Apurinã
Page 3 and 4: II. Chart of phonesa. Consonants:pt
Page 5 and 6: . Phones that may be C or V[y] and
Page 7 and 8: matter of idiolect, being used much
Page 9 and 10: [Ṽ] -patterns as a unit and fills
Page 11 and 12: d. Idiosyncratic features:[ɔ·] di
Page 13 and 14: the occurrence of [h̃] is both pho
Page 15 and 16: pε'tʌmʌtʌ 'you see' bε'tʌmʌt
Page 17 and 18: V.a.Consonants (cont.)/t/ /č/ /š/
Page 19 and 20: V.a.Consonants (cont.)/k/[k y ] [k]
Page 21 and 22: V.b.Vowels (cont.)/ι̃/[ι]ι̃ši
Page 23 and 24: V.b.V.b.V.b.V.b.Vowels (cont.)/ι/
Page 25 and 26: V.b.Vowels (cont.)/æ/ /æ̃/ /a/ a
Page 27: V.b.V.b.V.b.Vowels (cont.)/o//õ/[
Page 31: a. Consonants:/t/ [t y ] - vl. alve
Page 36 and 37: CV-šV- ȼV- čVišio'piri 'bat' č
Page 38 and 39: -CV-šV -ȼV -čVi ka'piši 'coon'
Page 40 and 41: VIII.ĩι̃(cont.)-CṼ-pṼ -tṼ
Page 42: VVVṼ̃εi εi 'man's response whe

A Phonemic Analysis of the ApurinÃ£ Language

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