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de-naturalisation 135With this very general discussion of discourse in mind, we can identifyfour main versions of the idea current in human geography that nature isdiscursively constituted. Since I do not have the space to illustrate all four,I shall present case studies for just two of the versions discussed below (seeBarrett [1992] for a good discussion of the notions of ideology, hegemonyand discourse; most introductory books on ‘cultural studies’ also discussthese three concepts).Cultures of natureTo begin, some human geographers have argued that discourses aboutnature are culturally fabricated, culturally specific and culturally variable. Here,discourses are more or less equated with the realm of culture.‘Culture’ isan even more complex term than ‘discourse’ (and arguably as complexas the term ‘nature’). Following the so-called ‘cultural turn’ in humangeography (and several humanities and social-science disciplines) duringthe late 1980s, it has come to denote ‘the medium through which peopletransform the mundane phenomena of the material world into a worldof significant symbols to which they give meaning and attach value’(Cosgrove and Jackson 1987: 99). On this basis, some human geographershave identified the shared understandings of those things we designate asnatural that are characteristic of particular societies. A good example ofthis kind of research is William Cronon’s (1996) essay ‘The trouble withwilderness; or, getting back to the wrong nature’. Cronon is a geographerand historian at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Among his severalresearch interests is a fascination with how the environment is interpretedin regions where different cultural groups come into contact. One ofthese regions is North America, where waves of immigrants (from Europeinitially) displaced indigenous peoples from the seventeenth centuryonwards.As its title suggests, Cronon’s essay examines one of the most potent ideasin American culture, the idea of wilderness. I say idea because Crononinsists that wilderness is not what it appears to be, namely ‘an areauntouched by humans’ (as the Oxford English Dictionary defines it). For him,wilderness is a culturally specific notion that has been applied to manynatural environments in ‘settler societies’ like the USA, Canada and Australia.Of course, this claim that nature is a cultural construct rather than ‘untamednature’ is a counter-intuitive one for many environmentalists. In the USA,
136 de-naturalisationPlate 1 Wilderness: fact or fiction? This image of El Capitan and the Yosemitevalley in the USA is readily identifiable as a ‘wilderness’ area: that is, an undisturbedarea of natural beauty free of human habitation. However, it was notalways so. Only through the efforts of various organisations – like the SierraClub – and people – like photographer Ansell Adams – did the idea of wildernesstake on its modern referents and signifieds (© Associated Press/Ben Margot)
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NATURESome of the most exciting, al
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NATURENoel Castree
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‘If I ask about the world, you ca
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ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESPLATES1 Wil
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BOXES1.1 Academia and the study of
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWriting this book h
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acknowledgementsxvNeil Coe, Peter D
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xviii prefaceother things), the sta
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xxprefaceexpect it to do. First, it
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xxii prefaceintroduction’ to how
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xxiv prefaceIt describes more than
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1STRANGE NATURES‘To dictate defin
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strange natures 3In particular, tre
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strange natures 5ahead as planned,
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strange natures 7mould-breaking boo
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strange natures 9in rural areas and
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strange natures 11are. If you think
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strange natures 13knowledge has a p
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strange natures 15Box 1.3 THE ‘PU
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strange natures 17physical play in
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strange natures 19Box 1.4 HEGEMONYT
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strange natures 21ACTIVITY 1.2Read
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strange natures 23GeomorphologyFigu
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strange natures 25consequences. Unl
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strange natures 27Box 1.5 DE-NATURA
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strange natures 29Table 1.3 Geograp
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strange natures 31geneous (see Chap
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strange natures 33knowledge is (or
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strange natures 35- despite the BSE
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strange natures 37Habgood (2002: 11
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strange natures 39Box 1.8 THE INVEN
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strange natures 41ACTIVITY 1.4Can y
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strange natures 43of species, landf
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2THE ‘NATURE’ OF GEOGRAPHY‘Wh
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the ‘nature’ of geography 47wit
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the ‘nature’ of geography 49dis
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the ‘nature’ of geography 51cha
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the ‘nature’ of geography 53in
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the ‘nature’ of geography 55[an
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the ‘nature’ of geography 57Ref
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the ‘nature’ of geography 59als
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the ‘nature’ of geography 61cou
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the ‘nature’ of geography 63the
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the ‘nature’ of geography 65rap
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the ‘nature’ of geography 67Box
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the ‘nature’ of geography 69mig
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the ‘nature’ of geography 71The
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the ‘nature’ of geography 73Box
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the ‘nature’ of geography 75lab
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the ‘nature’ of geography 77A n
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the ‘nature’ of geography 79tat
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the ‘nature’ of geography 81ina
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the ‘nature’ of geography 83lan
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Page 136 and 137: de-naturalisation 109‘real’ dom
Page 138 and 139: de-naturalisation 111in a relativel
Page 140 and 141: de-naturalisation 113depicted the W
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Page 150 and 151: de-naturalisation 123control of the
Page 152 and 153: de-naturalisation 125Truth, falsity
Page 154 and 155: de-naturalisation 127MYANMAR(BURMA)
Page 156 and 157: de-naturalisation 129(iii) the cult
Page 158 and 159: de-naturalisation 131open conflict
Page 160 and 161: de-naturalisation 133[A] local herd
Page 164 and 165: de-naturalisation 137for example, t
Page 166 and 167: de-naturalisation 139bad’. Agains
Page 168 and 169: de-naturalisation 141For Derrida al
Page 170 and 171: de-naturalisation 143Map 3.2 Clayoq
Page 172 and 173: de-naturalisation 145Plate 3 Clayoq
Page 174 and 175: de-naturalisation 147the book shows
Page 176 and 177: de-naturalisation 149Baudrillard (1
Page 178 and 179: Plate 4 The Eden Project: nature pr
Page 180 and 181: de-naturalisation 153street in old
Page 182 and 183: de-naturalisation 155therefore, be
Page 184 and 185: Map 3.3 The migratory path of the N
Page 186 and 187: de-naturalisation 159Here, a firm a
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Page 190 and 191: de-naturalisation 163‘naturally s
Page 192 and 193: de-naturalisation 165Figure 3.2 See
Page 194 and 195: de-naturalisation 167Box 3.5 IS NAT
Page 196 and 197: de-naturalisation 169The moral impl
Page 198 and 199: de-naturalisation 171However, as we
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Page 204 and 205: 4TWO NATURES?The dis/unity of geogr
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the dis/unity of geography 185ACTIV
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the dis/unity of geography 187the n
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the dis/unity of geography 189David
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the dis/unity of geography 191It’
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the dis/unity of geography 193In th
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Issues and principles of scientific
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the dis/unity of geography 197of th
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the dis/unity of geography 199-Figu
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the dis/unity of geography 201Box 4
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the dis/unity of geography 203Box 4
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the dis/unity of geography 205Figur
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Table 4.1 (a) The status of river v
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the dis/unity of geography 209ACTIV
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the dis/unity of geography 211bioph
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the dis/unity of geography 213‘na
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the dis/unity of geography 215conju
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the dis/unity of geography 217Figur
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the dis/unity of geography 219these
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the dis/unity of geography 221geogr
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5AFTER NATURE‘it’s terribly imp
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after nature 225our noses but one w
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after nature 227If we employ the di
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after nature 229geographers adherin
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after nature 231non-representationa
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after nature 233the most vocal expo
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after nature 235adapted parts of wi
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after nature 237MORALITY AFTER NATU
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after nature 239Thrift, she reminds
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after nature 241will be ultimately
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6CONCLUSIONGeography’s natures‘
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conclusion 245environmental issues
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conclusion 247of ourselves and othe
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essays and exam questions 249‘Who
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essays and exam questions 251‘Bio
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essays and exam questions 253‘Hum
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notes 2558 I will say more about sc
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notes 257teaching (Gregory et al. 2
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ibliography 259Bassett, K. (1999)
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ibliography 261Callicott, J.B. and
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ibliography 263Eden, S. (1996) ‘P
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ibliography 265Haggett, P. (1965) L
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ibliography 267Kuhn, T. (1962) The
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ibliography 269Myers, N. (1979) The
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ibliography 271Roberts, R. and J. E
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ibliography 273Strahler, A.N. (1952
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ibliography 275of animals in the Br
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author index 277Dilthey, W. 61, 77,
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actor-network theory 230, 234abduct
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subject index 281North Pacific fur
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