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the dis/unity of geography 205Figure 4.5 Spatial scale in physical geography1960s, recently there has been a return to the study of larger-scalephenomena – like El Niño and global warming (see Spedding 2003).Thespace in between the two (meso-scale studies or what’s sometimes called‘regional physical geography’) is still only lightly populated.Thus physicalgeography is currently strung out between in-depth, micro-scale studies ofenvironmental processes and their effects, and macro-scale studies ofenvironmental change.First, there is a debate over where the biophysical world is stratified. In thiscontext, the term stratification refers to an ontological ‘layering’ of the nonhumanworld. If that world is layered then this means that what holds true
206 the dis/unity of geographyat one spatio-temporal scale may not hold true at a higher or lower one.Here each strata of biophysical reality is composed of, but not reducibleto, entities that exist at smaller scales. In a classic paper, Schumm and Lichty(1965) implied that stratification was part and parcel of the world thatphysical geographers study. They argued that the dependent and independentexplanatory variables changed depending on the spatio-temporalscale in question (see Table 4.1). Four decades on, physical geographersremain uncertain how far analyses conducted at one scale are applicableto other scales. Many engaged in small-scale research into environmentalprocesses have tried to upscale their findings. But, as Stephan Harrison(2001) argues, this is implicitly reductionist ontologically speaking. Thatis, it suggests that ‘the real essence of an object of inquiry can be seen atthe microscopic “fundamental” scale’ (2001: 330). In the words of anothercommentator, ‘Reductionist studies . . . have become the modus operandiof much scientific research [and] often take place at very detailed spatialand temporal scales. Reductionism functions by studying small systems indetail in order to aggregate the information . . . about a broader system’(Barrett 1999: 709). Against this, it is possible to argue that larger-scaleenvironmental phenomena have so-called ‘emergent properties’ that cannotbe ‘read off’ from the properties that exist at smaller scales. For instance, ifone wants to know why mountain ranges form over long time-periods isit necessary to understand the molecular properties of all the rock types inthose ranges? Some would say not. The debate over stratification andreductionism remains ongoing and unresolved. It is, as Sudgen et al. (1997:193) aver,‘a nut that must be cracked’ (see Burt 2003b).Second, there has been a related debate over whether physical geographersstudy so-called ‘natural kinds’ or not.A natural kind is any element of the realworld that is possessed of the following two qualities. First, it is ontologicallydifferent and distinct from other elements (even though it may be relatedto those other elements in practice). Second, it retains its physical integrityregardless of the specific circumstances in which it exists.Thus, a piece ofgranite might be considered a natural kind if it can be shown that it isunlike (qualitatively different from) other kinds of rock and that it remainsgranite whether it is found on a scree slope or at the bottom of the ocean.It is often said that the ‘hard sciences’ (like physics) study natural kinds:that is, the basic ‘building blocks’ of the biophysical world. But does a fieldscience like physical geography study natural kinds too? The Activity onpage 209 invites you to construct an answer to this challenging question.
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NATURESome of the most exciting, al
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NATURENoel Castree
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‘If I ask about the world, you ca
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ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESPLATES1 Wil
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BOXES1.1 Academia and the study of
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWriting this book h
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acknowledgementsxvNeil Coe, Peter D
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xviii prefaceother things), the sta
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xxprefaceexpect it to do. First, it
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xxii prefaceintroduction’ to how
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xxiv prefaceIt describes more than
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1STRANGE NATURES‘To dictate defin
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strange natures 3In particular, tre
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strange natures 5ahead as planned,
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strange natures 7mould-breaking boo
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strange natures 9in rural areas and
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strange natures 11are. If you think
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strange natures 13knowledge has a p
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strange natures 15Box 1.3 THE ‘PU
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strange natures 17physical play in
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strange natures 19Box 1.4 HEGEMONYT
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strange natures 21ACTIVITY 1.2Read
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strange natures 23GeomorphologyFigu
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strange natures 25consequences. Unl
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strange natures 27Box 1.5 DE-NATURA
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strange natures 29Table 1.3 Geograp
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strange natures 31geneous (see Chap
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strange natures 33knowledge is (or
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strange natures 35- despite the BSE
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strange natures 37Habgood (2002: 11
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strange natures 39Box 1.8 THE INVEN
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strange natures 41ACTIVITY 1.4Can y
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strange natures 43of species, landf
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2THE ‘NATURE’ OF GEOGRAPHY‘Wh
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the ‘nature’ of geography 47wit
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the ‘nature’ of geography 49dis
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the ‘nature’ of geography 51cha
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the ‘nature’ of geography 53in
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the ‘nature’ of geography 55[an
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the ‘nature’ of geography 57Ref
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the ‘nature’ of geography 59als
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the ‘nature’ of geography 61cou
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the ‘nature’ of geography 63the
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the ‘nature’ of geography 65rap
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the ‘nature’ of geography 67Box
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the ‘nature’ of geography 69mig
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the ‘nature’ of geography 71The
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the ‘nature’ of geography 73Box
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the ‘nature’ of geography 75lab
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the ‘nature’ of geography 77A n
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the ‘nature’ of geography 79tat
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the ‘nature’ of geography 81ina
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the ‘nature’ of geography 83lan
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the ‘nature’ of geography 87wom
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the ‘nature’ of geography 89dev
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the ‘nature’ of geography 91for
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the ‘nature’ of geography 93loc
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the ‘nature’ of geography 95by
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the ‘nature’ of geography 97ove
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the ‘nature’ of geography 99res
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the ‘nature’ of geography 103on
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the ‘nature’ of geography 105re
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the ‘nature’ of geography 107FU
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de-naturalisation 109‘real’ dom
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de-naturalisation 111in a relativel
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de-naturalisation 113depicted the W
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de-naturalisation 115population-res
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de-naturalisation 117that material
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de-naturalisation 119and rural labo
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de-naturalisation 121hazards was de
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de-naturalisation 123control of the
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de-naturalisation 125Truth, falsity
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de-naturalisation 127MYANMAR(BURMA)
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de-naturalisation 129(iii) the cult
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de-naturalisation 131open conflict
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de-naturalisation 133[A] local herd
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de-naturalisation 135With this very
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de-naturalisation 137for example, t
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de-naturalisation 139bad’. Agains
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de-naturalisation 141For Derrida al
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de-naturalisation 143Map 3.2 Clayoq
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de-naturalisation 145Plate 3 Clayoq
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de-naturalisation 147the book shows
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de-naturalisation 149Baudrillard (1
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Plate 4 The Eden Project: nature pr
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de-naturalisation 153street in old
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Page 184 and 185: Map 3.3 The migratory path of the N
Page 186 and 187: de-naturalisation 159Here, a firm a
Page 188 and 189: de-naturalisation 161mining, fishin
Page 190 and 191: de-naturalisation 163‘naturally s
Page 192 and 193: de-naturalisation 165Figure 3.2 See
Page 194 and 195: de-naturalisation 167Box 3.5 IS NAT
Page 196 and 197: de-naturalisation 169The moral impl
Page 198 and 199: de-naturalisation 171However, as we
Page 200 and 201: de-naturalisation 173marginalisatio
Page 202 and 203: de-naturalisation 175when they aris
Page 204 and 205: 4TWO NATURES?The dis/unity of geogr
Page 206 and 207: the dis/unity of geography 179less
Page 208 and 209: the dis/unity of geography 181Box 4
Page 210 and 211: the dis/unity of geography 183betwe
Page 212 and 213: the dis/unity of geography 185ACTIV
Page 214 and 215: the dis/unity of geography 187the n
Page 216 and 217: the dis/unity of geography 189David
Page 218 and 219: the dis/unity of geography 191It’
Page 220 and 221: the dis/unity of geography 193In th
Page 222 and 223: Issues and principles of scientific
Page 224 and 225: the dis/unity of geography 197of th
Page 226 and 227: the dis/unity of geography 199-Figu
Page 234 and 235: Table 4.1 (a) The status of river v
Page 236 and 237: the dis/unity of geography 209ACTIV
Page 238 and 239: the dis/unity of geography 211bioph
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Page 244 and 245: the dis/unity of geography 217Figur
Page 246 and 247: the dis/unity of geography 219these
Page 248 and 249: the dis/unity of geography 221geogr
Page 250 and 251: 5AFTER NATURE‘it’s terribly imp
Page 252 and 253: after nature 225our noses but one w
Page 254 and 255: after nature 227If we employ the di
Page 256 and 257: after nature 229geographers adherin
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Page 260 and 261: after nature 233the most vocal expo
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Page 264 and 265: after nature 237MORALITY AFTER NATU
Page 266 and 267: after nature 239Thrift, she reminds
Page 268 and 269: after nature 241will be ultimately
Page 270 and 271: 6CONCLUSIONGeography’s natures‘
Page 272 and 273: conclusion 245environmental issues
Page 274 and 275: conclusion 247of ourselves and othe
Page 276 and 277: essays and exam questions 249‘Who
Page 278 and 279: essays and exam questions 251‘Bio
Page 280 and 281: essays and exam questions 253‘Hum
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notes 2558 I will say more about sc
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notes 257teaching (Gregory et al. 2
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ibliography 259Bassett, K. (1999)
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ibliography 261Callicott, J.B. and
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ibliography 263Eden, S. (1996) ‘P
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ibliography 265Haggett, P. (1965) L
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ibliography 267Kuhn, T. (1962) The
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ibliography 269Myers, N. (1979) The
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ibliography 271Roberts, R. and J. E
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ibliography 273Strahler, A.N. (1952
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ibliography 275of animals in the Br
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author index 277Dilthey, W. 61, 77,
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actor-network theory 230, 234abduct
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subject index 281North Pacific fur
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