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Ivancevic_Applied-Diff-Geom

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Contentsxxv3.17 <strong>Applied</strong> Unorthodox <strong>Geom</strong>etries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4583.17.1 Noncommutative <strong>Geom</strong>etry . . . . . . . . . . . . 4583.17.1.1 Moyal Product and NoncommutativeAlgebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4583.17.1.2 Noncommutative Space–Time Manifolds 4593.17.1.3 Symmetries and <strong>Diff</strong>eomorphisms onDeformed Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4623.17.1.4 Deformed <strong>Diff</strong>eomorphisms . . . . . . . 4653.17.1.5 Noncommutative Space–Time <strong>Geom</strong>etry 4673.17.1.6 Star–Products and ExpandedEinstein–Hilbert Action . . . . . . . . . 4703.17.2 Synthetic <strong>Diff</strong>erential <strong>Geom</strong>etry . . . . . . . . . . 4733.17.2.1 Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4743.17.2.2 Synthetic Calculus in Euclidean Spaces 4763.17.2.3 Spheres and Balls as Distributions . . . 4783.17.2.4 Stokes Theorem for Unit Sphere . . . . 4803.17.2.5 Time Derivatives of Expanding Spheres 4813.17.2.6 The Wave Equation . . . . . . . . . . . 4824. <strong>Applied</strong> Bundle <strong>Geom</strong>etry 4854.1 Intuition Behind a Fibre Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4854.2 Definition of a Fibre Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4864.3 Vector and Affine Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4914.3.1 The Second Vector Bundle of the Manifold M . . 4954.3.2 The Natural Vector Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4964.3.3 Vertical Tangent and Cotangent Bundles . . . . . 4984.3.3.1 Tangent and Cotangent BundlesRevisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4984.3.4 Affine Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5004.4 Application: Semi–Riemannian <strong>Geom</strong>etrical Mechanics 5014.4.1 Vector–Fields and Connections . . . . . . . . . . . 5014.4.2 Hamiltonian Structures on the Tangent Bundle . 5034.5 K−Theory and Its Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5084.5.1 Topological K−Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5084.5.1.1 Bott Periodicity Theorem . . . . . . . . 5094.5.2 Algebraic K−Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5104.5.3 Chern Classes and Chern Character . . . . . . . . 5114.5.4 Atiyah’s View on K−Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 5154.5.5 Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . 518

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