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Contentsxxxi5.12.3 Hawking–Penrose Quantum Gravity andBlack Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9636. <strong>Geom</strong>etrical Path Integrals and Their Applications 9836.1 Intuition Behind a Path Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9846.1.1 Classical Probability Concept . . . . . . . . . . . 9846.1.2 Discrete Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9846.1.3 Continuous Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . 9846.1.4 General Markov Stochastic Dynamics . . . . . . . 9856.1.5 Quantum Probability Concept . . . . . . . . . . . 9896.1.6 Quantum Coherent States . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9916.1.7 Dirac’s < bra | ket > Transition Amplitude . . . . 9926.1.8 Feynman’s Sum–over–Histories . . . . . . . . . . . 9946.1.9 The Basic Form of a Path Integral . . . . . . . . . 9966.1.10 Application: Adaptive Path Integral . . . . . . 9976.2 Path Integral History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9986.2.1 Extract from Feynman’s Nobel Lecture . . . . . . 9986.2.2 Lagrangian Path Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10026.2.3 Hamiltonian Path Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10036.2.4 Feynman–Kac Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10046.2.5 Itô Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10066.3 Standard Path–Integral Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . 10066.3.1 Canonical versus Path–Integral Quantization . . . 10066.3.2 Application: Particles, Sources, Fields andGauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10116.3.2.1 Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10116.3.2.2 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10126.3.2.3 Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10136.3.2.4 Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10136.3.3 Riemannian–Symplectic <strong>Geom</strong>etries . . . . . . . . 10146.3.4 Euclidean Stochastic Path Integral . . . . . . . . 10166.3.5 Application: Stochastic Optimal Control . . . . 10206.3.5.1 Path–Integral Formalism . . . . . . . . 10216.3.5.2 Monte Carlo Sampling . . . . . . . . . . 10236.3.6 Application: Nonlinear Dynamics of OptionPricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10256.3.6.1 Theory and Simulations of OptionPricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10256.3.6.2 Option Pricing via Path Integrals . . . 1029

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