Issue for October - December 2011 - National Institute of Rural ...

422 A.K. Jain, M. Gopinath Reddy and M.S. Rama Mohan RaoSukhomajri (Haryana) (Dhruvanarayana, 1993)and subsequently through 43 modelwatersheds implemented during 1983 acrossthe country. Consequently, integratedwatershed development programme as amovement for overall development of rainfedagriculture in the country has beenoperationalised since the Seventh Five YearPlan (1987-92). Soon it was realised thatadoption of watershed technologies requirescollective and cooperative strategies amongindividual households and communities andhence, people’s participation was identifiedas the key factor in effective implementationof the programme (Ratna Reddy et. al 2010;Wani and Garg, 2009). Accordingly, integratedwatershed development programme withparticipatory approach was emphasised since1990s with focus on resource conservation forraising crop productivity and improvement inlivelihoods. The guidelines released in 1995provide a definite design for people-centredapproach integrating sustainable rurallivelihoods with watershed management(Turton, 2000). The strategy of watersheddevelopment evolved over time for promotingsustainable rural livelihoods is presented inTable 1.Table 1 : Watershed Approach in India on Time ScaleTime Line 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000Invention Soil and water Soil and water Resource Resource Resourceconservation Conservation conservation Conservation Conservationmeasures on measures measures and measures measures forwatershed Operational productivity productivity improvedbasis in Research enhancement enhancement incomes toriverine Projects and measures measures theprojects Ravinous (model and land based communitywatersheds watersheds) livelihood andimprovements livelihoodmeasures improvementactivitiesStrategy Sectoral Area Area Holistic Improvementdevelopment development development of ruralthrougheconomymultidisciplinaryapproachApproach Top down and Top down and Multi - Participatory Participatorycontractual contractual disciplinary mode modeSustainability Not owned Area Partly owned Community Community& by the development by the ownership, ownership,Transparency community, through community, Community completeless multi- moderate Vigilant transparencytransparency disciplinary transparencyapproach, lesstransparencyPolicy Shift Departmental Departmental Departmental DPAP HariyaliProjects Projects Projects guidelines guidelinesJournal of Rural Development, Vol. 30, No. 4, October - December : 2011