Issue for October - December 2011 - National Institute of Rural ...

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468 A. Venkateswara RaoTable 6 : Percentage Consumption of Most Preferred Varieties ofItems By Sample Rural HouseholdsS.No. Item Most Preferred Percentage ofVarietiesConsumption1 Rice BPT 44.99/100.00MTU 27.16/100.00Ration (PDS) 27.85/100.002 Pulses Redgram 22.09/100.00Greengram 29.84/100.00Blackgram 38.86/100.00Other Pulses 09.21/100.003 Milk & Milk Products Dairy Milk 52.73/100.00Condensed Milk 33.64/100.00Curd & Butter Milk 13.63/100.004 Edible Oils Groundnut Oil 53.00/100.00Palm Oil (PDS) 32.35/100.00Sunflower Oil 14.65/100.005 Poultry & Meat Egg 06.64/100.00Chicken 13.36/100.00Mutton 80.00/100.006 Fish Fresh Water Fish 56.32/100.00Marine Fish 36.05/100.00Prawns 07.63/100.007 Clothing Cotton- Mill made 29.15/100.00Polyester 64.23/100.00Cotton- Handloom 06.62/100.008 Health Allopathy 80.12/100.00Homeopathy 16.67/100.00Ayurvedic 03.21/100.009 Drinks & Narcotics Cigarettes 28.64/100.00Tobacco 25.13/100.00Alcoholic Drinks 46.23/100.00Source : Computed from the primary data.Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 30, No. 4, October - December : 2011
Levels of Living of Rural Households ... 469xii.xiii.About 85 per cent of total expenditureon health was claimed by allopathy. Theannual per capita expenditure on healthis very low in the case of agriculturallabourers (` 105), the average ofcombined group being ` 210.49.Tobacco occupies the major share in theconsumption varieties of narcotics, andthe second place goes to cigarettes. Theshare in per capita total expenditure ondrinks and narcotics is high (8.92 percent) in the case of agricultural labourers,and least (5.95 per cent) in the case ofcultivators.Suggestions and Policy ImplicationsOn the basis of information collected inthe survey, and on the basis of results derivedfrom the analysis of consumer behaviour inthe sample, one can draw the followingmethodological as well as policy implications.(a)(b)In recent years, there was a drasticchange in the distribution of size ofoperational land for social justification.This will certainly influence the volumeof home produced consumption. Alsothere is a drastic change in the croppattern in favour of high-yieldingvarieties. Due to urbanisation and ruralindustrialisation, the value of agriculturalland has increased phenomenally inrecent years. Due to all these factors,incomes of agricultural families willincrease substantially. One should notignore the size of the landholdings inmeasuring the levels of living of ruralhouseholds.Due to changes in employmentopportunities and changes in levels ofeducation and attitudes of rural families,small sized familes are formed; therebyresulting in the head of the householdbeing of young age. The study comparesthe levels as well as percentages of(c)(d)(e)expenditures on different items ofconsumption by various age groups ofthe sample households. It reveals thatthe ‘young age’ and ‘middle age’households tend to spend more on nonfooditems. The ‘young age’ householdsshow least consumption on cereals,drinks, and narcotics while the ‘old age’households have highest expenditureon these items. It concludes that, the ageof the head of household has significantrole in determining the consumptionpatterns of rural agricultural families andone should consider age of the head ofthe households as one of theexplanatory variables in estimatinglevels of living of the rural households.In analysing the consumer behaviour,the most desirable thing for estimatingunbiased income elasticities is to workwith the ungrouped data rather thanwith the mean values of grouped data(monthly income classes or fractileclasses).The policy-makers have to take suitablemeasures to improve the individual /group saving attitude among agriculturalhouseholds. From the survey, it isobserved that the farmers have surplusincomes in favourable farm seasonswhile they incur heavy losses (negativeincomes) in unfavourable farm seasons.The government should encourage thefarmers to motivate and to divert thesurplus incomes in the form of savingsin government undertaking banks andother institutions by providing higherincentives in cash or kind so that thefarmers can utilise these saving funds atthe time of incurring losses inagriculture.Adequate crop-insurance as well ascredit policies and timely supply ofagricultural inputs such as seeds,Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 30, No. 4, October - December : 2011
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