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Investment in Qualitythe legitimacy of unions and union-negotiated agreements maycome to be questioned.TABLE 6.2Collective bargaining coverage, centralisation, and co-ordination,1980s and 1990sBargaining Level(s) of Intra-union Intra-employer Bi- or tripartitecoverage bargaining coordination coordination co-operation’85 ’95 trend ’83-’89 ’90-’99 trend ’83-’89 ’90-’98 ’83-’89 trend ’83-’89 ’90-’99Sweden n.a. 89 ? (1)-2-(3) 2-(3) - M-H M M M-L some failed/someFinland 95 95 (1)-2-(3) (1)-2-(3) M-H H M M some yesDenmark 74 69 - (1)-2-(3) 2-3 - M M-L M-L M some someNorway 70 70 ? 1-(2)-(3) 1-(2)-(3) H M-H H H some yesBelgium 90 90 1-(2)-(3) 1-(2)-(3) M M-L M-L M-L some failed/someAustria n.a. 99 2 2-(3) - H H H H yes yesGermany 90 92 ? 2 2-(3) - M M-L M-H M some failed/someSwitzerland 53 37 - 2-(3) (2)-3 - M-L M-L M M-L some someNetherlands 78 83 + (1)-2 (1)-2-(3) - H M-H M-H M yes yesIreland n.a. n.a. ? 3 1-3 + M-L M-H L M no/yes yesUK 64 40 – (2)-3 3 - L L L L no noItaly 85 82 - 2/3 2-(3) + L M L-M L-M no yes/?France 85 95 + 2/3 (2)-3 - L L L-M L-M no failedSpain 70 78 + 2-3 2-3 L M M M yes/no somePortugal 78 71 - 2? (1)-2? + L L M M no yesSource: Standarised bargaining coverage rates: Ochel, W. (2001), “CollectiveBargaining Coverage in the OECD from the 1960s to the 1990s”, Munich:Institute for Economic Research, except for Switzerland, see, Fluder, R. and B.Holz-Hart (1998), “Switzerland: Still as Smooth as Clockwork?”, in A. Fernerand R. Hyman (eds), Changing Industrial Relations in Europe, Oxford:Blackwell, and Prince, J-C. (1994), L’impact des conventions collectives detravail en Suisse, Zürich: Schulthess.Other variables: own scores (see text).Notes: Standardised bargaining coverage rates: employees covered bycollective agreements as a percentage of wage and salary earners, excludingworkers barred from legal bargaining rights.Levels of bargaining: level at which bargaining usually takes place; 1=central232