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"ANCIENT GREECE. [CHAP, xiyhas the state done for the promotion of the sciences And?also. What influence in return have the sciences, or anyparticular branch of them, exerted on the state ? Both questions deserve to be considered in the case of the Greeks.-Where the government is actively engaged in promotingthe sciences, their previous existence may be inferred. Tocreate them neither is,nor can be a concern of the state.Even where they are beginning to flourish, it cannot at oncebe expected, that they should receive public support be;cause they do not standin immediate relation with thegeneral government. They are the fruit of the investigations of individual eminent men ;who have a rightto expect nothing, but that no hinderances should be laid in theway of their inquiries and labours. Such was the situationof thingsin the Grecian states, at the time when scientificpursuits began to life.gain What inducement could thestate have had to interfere at once for their encouragement.In Greece the motive which was of influence in the East,did not exist.Religion had no secret doctrines. She required no institutions for their dissemination. There certainly were public schools for instruction in reading, writing,and in music (poetry and song) over which;teachers wereappointed in all the principal cities and the;laws providedthat no abuses dangerous to youth should find entrance tothem. 1But in most of them the masters were probably notpaid by the state 2; they received a compensation from theirpupils.The same is true of the more advanced instructiondelivered by the sophists some of whom; amassed wealthfrom their occupation ; yet not at the expense of the state,but of their pupils.Thus it appears, that excepting the gymnasia, which weredestined for bodily exercises, and of which the support wasone of the duties incumbent on 3citizens, no higher institutions for instruction existed previous to the Macedonian age.1See the laws of Solon on this point. Petit. Leg. Att. L. ii. Tit. iv. p. 239.2 1 limit the proposition on purpose, for it would be altogether false to assert generally, that this never took place. Charonidaa, in his laws at Catana,which were afterwards adopted in Thuriurn, had expressly enacted, that theschool-masters should be paid by the state, Died. xii. p. 80, as an affair of theutmost importance. Since the schools were so carefully watched over, maynot the same have taken place in many other cities ? This however is trueonly of the inferior or popular schools.3The yv/*j/acriapx