Food security and global security - IEEE

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José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity and security114NATO member countries Minimum (%) Maximum (%)Hungary 86.85 98.04Iceland 83.82 99.21Italy 70.82 81.21Latvia 81.15 90.42Lithuania 91.66 97.87The Netherlands 87.94 98.49Norway 90.67 98.94Poland 90.06 99.32Portugal 78.86 90.88United Kingdom 89.23 99.10Czech Republic 87.87 97.40Romania 90.34 99.44Turkey 32.21 43.16AVERAGE 81.48 93.10Based on Flores Palacios, X., 1998COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.Background Study Papers Nº 7, REV 1. Contribution to the estimation of countries’interdependence in the area of plant genetic resources, by Ximena Flores Palacios.[online] [Accessed: 6 July 2012] Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/015/j0747e.pdfThere is also a kind of generational interdependence. Agricultural biodiversityis a precious treasure inherited from preceding generations and we have themoral obligation to transmit it in its entirety to future generations so they cankeep their options for the future. However the interests of future generations,which do not vote or consume, are not sufficiently considered by our politicaland economic systems.Both the growing loss of ABD as its interdependence amongst countries andgenerations make international cooperation in this area not an option, but animperative and urgent necessity.■■INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND THE ROLEOF THE UNITED NATIONSGenetic diversity of crops, which is crucial for feeding humanity, for theenvironment and for sustainable development, is being lost at an alarming
José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity and securityrate. Considering the enormous interdependence of countries and generationson this genetic diversity, this loss poses technical, socioeconomic, ethical andpolitical questions of great importance.Since the 1940s, some international organisations, particularly the UnitedNations Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO), started to seriously worryabout the loss of genetic resources in the world. First the technical activitiesand later the political negotiations culminated in the development and approvalby consensus of all countries in a binding agreement: The International Treatyon Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA).This process is explained in the following paragraphs.■■The 1960s and 1970s: International Discussions on Technical, Scientificand Economic Factors Preceding NegotiationsIn 1961, the FAO convened a technical meeting that led to the creation in1965 of a Panel of Experts on Plant Exploration and Introduction. From thenuntil 1974, this group met periodically to advise the FAO on the subject andmake international guidelines for the collection, conservation and exchange ofgermplasm.The first problems to appear were of a technical nature related to the detectionof diversity and genetic erosion, identifying collection sites, samplingtechniques, germplasm conservation methods and methods of evaluation anddocumentation. In 1967, 1973 and 1981, the FAO hosted international technicalconferences that led to the publication of a series of volumes that compiled thetechnological advances to resolve these questions (15) .115Meanwhile, the first economic problems began. The need to organise and financethe new programmes for the conservation of these plant genetic resources ledin 1968 to create the Genetic Resources and Crop Ecology Unit and to establisha fund to carry out these programmes. In 1972, the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR), following the recommendationsof the United Nations Conference on Environment (held in Stockholm) andof its own Technical Advisory Committee, decided to create the InternationalBoard for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) with its own budget.The IBPGR was born in 1974 headquartered at the FAO in Rome, and itpromoted and carried out numerous activities related to the collection,(15)Frankel, O.H. & Bennet, E. Genetic Resources in Plants – Their Exploration andConservation. IBP Handbook, nº 11, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1970.Frankel, O.H. & Hawkes, J.G. Crops Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 1975.Holden, J.H.W. & Williams, J.T. Crop Genetic Resources: Conservation and Evaluation.George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984.
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Food security and globalsecuritySpa
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GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
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CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSantos
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Santos Castro FernándezIntroductio
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CHAPTER ONETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOODA
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Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe
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José María SumpsiThe volatility o
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José María SumpsiThe volatility o
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CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
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Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
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José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
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INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
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From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
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PageConclusions and Recommendations
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Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
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Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
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Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
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Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
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