Food security and global security - IEEE

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Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe human right to food and watersums to eradicate hunger and for food security in other countries. Nonetheless,at the same time it may be implementing trade policies which have negativeeffects for human rights and the right to food in other countries.This is stated by the special rapporteur: «development policies and programmesare not always well coordinated with trade policies programmes agreedto within the framework of WTO, IMF and the World Bank, which meanswell-intentioned development policies are often undermined. For example,developed countries might offer development assistance for agriculturaldevelopment, whilst at the same time, they subsidize their agriculture and sellproducts at below the cost of production, in ways that can limit the possibilitiesfor agriculture development in developing countries. In the same way,developed countries sometimes provide food aid in ways that undermine localfood security, through destroying local production in developing countries» (90) .The dilemmas and repercussions of development cooperation policies onother countries are not new. Neither is the problem area relating to the lackof coherence of public policies in general. It is true, however, that at a timeof special momentum to eradicate global hunger, greater focus on this shouldbe expected. It is not a question of being able to predict the effects of specificpolicies, or lesser issues, but rather of clear contradictions. Indeed, it is surprisingto find Robert Zoellick, Chairman of the World Bank, follow the same criticalvein surrounding the incoherence of States and the negative impacts of publicpolicies on other countries. At a conference held at the George WashingtonUniversity in 2011, he stated that «the language of development has been thelanguage of old hierarchy. Old World. Old Order. And not without a whiff ofhypocrisy. (...) When countries with large fiscal deficits preach fiscal disciplineto poor countries – what are they really saying? «Do what I say, not what I do.»When countries pay homage to free trade but hold back developing countrieswith barriers, what are they really saying? «Do what I say, not what I do» (91) .51Perhaps, as the Chairman of the World Bank himself states, if the contradictionsare so clear «the old ways can and must change». The change of the statedincoherence can be considered based on two proposals: the voluntary guidelinespromoted by the FAO and the adoption of a focus on rights in public policies,as the last section of this article proposes.Undoubtedly, a major step forward in developing policy coherence around theright to food was the adoption in 2004 of a voluntary guidelines instrumentwithin the framework of the FAO (92) .(90)Report by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Mr. Jean Ziegler, E/CN.4/2005/47,10th January 2005, para. 40.(91)Zoellick, R., Beyond Aid, George Washington University, 14th September 2011, p. 3.(92)Vidar, M. «The right to food guidelines» in aa.vv., Derecho a la alimentación y SoberaníaAlimentaria, Chair of Studies on Hunger and Poverty, Servicio Publicaciones de la Universidadde Córdoba and Oficina de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo, Cordoba, 2008, pp. 77-91.
Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe human right to food and waterThese guidelines aim to help States and other involved members to progressivelyattain the right to food nationally and they include all State obligation levels, aswell as the aspects of the fight against hunger. As M. Vidar states, they go somewayto providing clarity on the complexity (93) since they do not introduce new contentbut systematise all related issues which are structured in the document in threeparts (94) . Fundamentally, the FAO Voluntary Guidelines contain and systematiseboth the regulatory and political aspects of the right to food and their mainpotential lies in the introduction of practical measures that are understandable foractors who have to implement the right to food in line with the strategies definedat the World Food Summit and the regulatory provisions. Consequently, the ideais to provide greater clarity and coherence albeit without granting them a bindinglegal standing so that States and international organisations have the obligationto take them into account but without any penalty due to possible incompliance.This provides flexibility and encourages States to gradually introducethese guidelines in their legislation and provide coherence to their policies.52In short, throughout this work the main challenges surrounding the right to foodand water have been set out, the eradication of hunger, both at a global leveland at a specific level for Spain with its own circumstances and complexity.In effect, the figures on global hunger continue to be alarming despite globalprogress and commitments and, paradoxically, whilst advances have beenmade in legal and political recognition of the right to food and its close link tothe right to water, the greatest global food crisis seen in the last few decadeshas occurred. This again confirms that the challenges remain valid and thatpolitical commitments should be firmer and more coherent.■■STRATEGIC APPROACHES FOR EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OFTHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOOD AND WATERIt is in this context where some key future proposals are put forward andsummarised.■■A Human Rights Focus in Public PoliciesMany institutions (95) call for and recommend the adoption of a human rightsfocus in public policies linked to the right to water and food so as to avoidsome of the incoherences and contradictions set out in this article.(93)Ibid, p. 79.(94)The first introductory section includes the main international instruments on the protectionof the right to food from the prism of human rights. The second section covers related andstrictly linked issues such as the environment, aid, national strategies regarding the regulatoryframework, policies and their adaptation taking into account the specificities of each State.The third section talks about the international dimension of the right to food, including actionsand commitments adopted by the international community.(95)See the following reports for examples: Kirkemann, J. & Martin, T.: Applying a rights-basedapproach. An inspirational guide for civil society, The Danish Institute for Human Rights,
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Page 3 and 4: GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
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Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER THREETHE ROLE OF WOMEN IN F
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Page 91 and 92: José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity
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CHAPTER FIVETHE VOLATILITY OF THEAG
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José María SumpsiThe volatility o
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CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
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Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
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José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
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INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
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From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
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PageConclusions and Recommendations
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Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
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Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
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Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
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Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
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Food security and global security - IEEE

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