Food security and global security - IEEE

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe human right to food and waterpolitical commitment and has been shown as such at different Global Summitson Food organised by the FAO. Here, countries have reaffirmed time andagain their commitment to the right to food which has finally become a globalobjective.In this way, the legal and political dimensions are both necessary andcomplementary when analysing an issue that still has a difficult outlook.Forecasts on the progress and achievements (8) in reducing hunger show veryunequal results since, whilst in general terms global hunger is said to havedecreased since 1990, there are entire regions still suffering serious situations.In this sense, whilst progress in countries such as China is clear with up to50% fewer people suffering starvation, in other countries not only has hungernot decreased but indeed the situation has got worse, mainly due to ongoingarmed conflicts (9) . For example, according to the IFPRI (10) , countries such asBurundi, Chad or the D.R. of the Congo are in an alarming food emergencysituation. In turn, United Nations annual assessment reports on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals state that in 2011 the share of people around the worldsuffering from hunger stood still at 16%; this despite lower poverty levelsaround the globe. This means that the general reduction in the number of poorpeople has not brought along with it a subsequent proportional decline in thenumber of starving people.In this context, the outlook for eradicating hunger is negative and there iswide scepticism on achieving it. In fact, the recent food crisis has led to asuperhuman effort in reduction and, as could only be the case, this has had aclear impact on moving forward with this target.27If we add the general international economic crisis to this context, the outlook isundoubtedly pessimistic. Indeed, the diagnosis in the second partial assessmentin 2010 was as follows: «in around two-thirds of the time planned to achievethe Millennium Development Goals, a third of the goals have been achieved.It seems unlikely that in a third of the time, the outstanding two-thirds of thegoals are achieved» (11) . In turn, the UN annual assessment report for 2011 alsorecognises with regard to hunger that «it will be difficult to achieve the goalto reduce the amount of people suffering from hunger in many developingregions», and especially signals and points out sub-Saharan Africa.(8)Official MDG website, their progress and outlook at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Home.aspx.(9)The report Crop Prospects and Food Situation published by the FAO in February 2009identifies a total of 32 countries in a food crisis situation requiring external aid and the reasonfor the insecurity and hunger in 17 of these 32 countries is armed conflict.(10)International Food Policy Research Institute, The Challenge of Hunger: Taming PriceSpikes and Excessive Food Price VolatilityGlobal Hunger Index, Dublin, 2011, pp. 1-60.(11)Millennium Development Goals. 2010 Report, Conclusions, UN.
Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe human right to food and waterIn short, hunger continues to be one of the international community’s mostimportant challenges and is a violation of the right to food, also in relation tothe right to water which will be looked at below.This chapter firstly aims to define the right to food from a legal standpoint andits link to the human right to water, looking at the main international instrumentswith special focus on the International Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights. Secondly, some of the problem areas linked to eradicatinghunger and protecting the right to food are looked at, placing special emphasison Spain and its challenges and specificities. Finally, the article ends with asynopsis and outlook where key ideas and strategies for the future are laid out.■■NORMATIVE CONTENT OF THE RIGHTTO FOOD AND WATER■■The Human Right to Food28The right to food (12) is set out in several international treaties and instruments,specifically in the area of human rights but also in international humanitarianlaw (13) .At times, this recognition is made implicitly or indirectly as an integral partand prior condition to other human rights, such as the right to life or the rightto an adequate standard of living (14) . In others, it is explicitly stated as in theCovenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 11 states:(12)For an analysis from different perspectives on the right to food, see aa.vv., SeguridadAlimentaria y Políticas de Lucha contra el Hambre, Chair of Studies on Hunger andPoverty, Servicio Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba and Oficina de CooperaciónInternacional al Desarrollo, Cordoba, 2006, pp. 1-332; and also aa.vv., Derecho a laalimentación y Soberanía Alimentaria, Chair of Studies on Hunger and Poverty, ServicioPublicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba and Oficina de Cooperación Internacional alDesarrollo, Cordoba, 2008, pp. 1-450.(13)International Humanitarian Law (IHL) establishes a ban on making civilians suffer starvationas a war tactic in both international and domestic conflicts, as well as a ban on attacking,destroying or put out of action necessary goods for the survival of the civil population includingcrops, food and reserves of drinking water. See Additional Protocol I relating to the Protectionof Victims of International Armed Conflicts, article 54 and Additional Protocol II relating tothe Protection of Victims of Non-international Armed Conflicts, article 14. The protection ofcertain groups is also set out such as prisoners of war who have the right to daily food andwater rations or pregnant women and children with their specific food needs, see III GenevaConvention relating to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Art. 20, 23, 46, 89 and 127.(14)In this way, for example, according to article 25 of the Universal Declaration of HumanRights (1948), «everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health andwell-being of himself and of his family, including food...». Or, according to article 27 of theConvention of the Rights of the Child, all children shall have the right «to a standard of livingadequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development».
Page 1 and 2: Food security and globalsecuritySpa
Page 3 and 4: GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSantos
Page 7 and 8: Santos Castro FernándezIntroductio
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOODA
Page 21: Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe
Page 25 and 26: Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe
Page 57 and 58: María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe i
Page 73 and 74:
María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe i
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER THREETHE ROLE OF WOMEN IN F
Page 77 and 78:
María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe r
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
CHAPTER FIVETHE VOLATILITY OF THEAG
Page 135 and 136:
José María SumpsiThe volatility o
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
Page 163 and 164:
Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
Page 187 and 188:
José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
Page 217 and 218:
From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
Page 219 and 220:
PageConclusions and Recommendations
Page 221 and 222:
Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
Page 223 and 224:
Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
Page 225 and 226:
Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
Page 227:
Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
show all

Food security and global security - IEEE

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?