Food security and global security - IEEE

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María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe impact of climate change on food securityAdaptation policies must consider technological progress, but must alsopay attention to the traditional agricultural practices of small farmers andindigenous communities.■■The Role of Traditional AgricultureTraditional farmers have demonstrated sufficient capacity to adapt to extremeconditions by applying adaptation over many centuries, based on in-depthknowledge of local conditions and crop diversity (27) . The practices used inthis type of agriculture include polycultivation, exploitation of local geneticdiversity (as local genetic variations offer the greatest resistance to extremeweather conditions), collection of wild plants and agroforestry.■■Climate-Smart AgricultureInvestment in the agricultural sector must aim to contribute to food security,considering sustainable development, adaptation to climate change and itscontribution to mitigation. These factors are included in what the FAO hascalled «Climate-smart agriculture».72The FAO defines this as being agriculture that sustainably increases productivityand resilience (adaptation) and productivity of agricultural production systems,whilst also reducing and removing emissions (28) .The smart-agriculture concept includes aspects related to improving productionsystems, policy coordination locally, nationally and internationally and financefor the transformation needed by agriculture.• Improvements in Production SystemsThe FAO has set out the key factors required for sustainable agriculturalproduction. These include:• Appropriate soil and nutrient management, based on practices that reduceneeds for synthetic fertilisers.• Improvements to the management of ecosystems and agricultural biodiversity.• Use of genetic resources, both through preservation of natural genetic resourcesand the generation of new varieties that are more resistant to adverseclimate conditions, pests and diseases, and adapting production cycles.• Improved post-harvest preservation, both in storage and distribution.• Implementation of agricultural conservation (29) .(27)Altieri. M. A and Nicholls C. Opus cit.(28)Climate-smart agriculture. Policies, practices and financing for food security, adaptationand mitigation. FAO. 2010.(29)According to the FAO, conservation agriculture helps with adaptation to climate change,reducing crop vulnerability. This consists of agricultural practices such as:1. Minimum mechanical disturbance of the soil.
María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe impact of climate change on food security• Agroforestry (30) .• Developing urban and peripheral agriculture.• Local, National and International Policy CoordinationThe FAO has highlighted the need to establish consistency amongst policies tofight climate change and for agricultural development and food security. Thisrequires:• Fostering institutional and political support to channel investment, socialsecurity networks and access to insurance and land.• Spreading information amongst agricultural communities on sustainableagricultural practices, together with information from early-warning systemsfor bad weather.• The Need for Financethe concept of «climate-smart agriculture» recognises that finance, investmentand political commitment is needed to implement the changes to agricultureneeded to adapt to climate change and ensure food security. This very necessarytransformation of the agricultural sector also includes its capacity to make asignificant contribution to mitigation.There is a wide gap between the cost of adapting agricultural systems toclimate change and the finance provided, mainly from development funds.Action is required to ensure that financing mechanisms and public andprivate funds for combating climate change consider the agricultural sectorand food security.73■■THE ROLE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN MITIGATION■■The Contribution of the Food Supply Chain to Climate Change• Greenhouse Gas EmissionsAgricultural activity directly contributes 12% of greenhouse gas emissions( (31) I), mainly nitrous oxide (32) . Agriculture also contributes a further 12%from changes in land use. We also need to include the contribution of theindustrial sector directly related to agriculture (pesticides, fertilisers and2. Conservation of an organic covering to cover and feed the soil.3. Crop rotation, sequencing and association.(30)Agroforestry consists of protecting crops by planting trees to provide appropriate cover tomaintain soil humidity and to reduce temperatures, wind impact and direct sunlight.(31)Figures provided in the conference by Jean Francois Soussana, member of the FAO’sexperts group on «Greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture». Bilbao, 8 March 2012.(32)Nitrous oxide is 296 times more harmful than CO2.
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Food security and globalsecuritySpa
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GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
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CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSantos
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Santos Castro FernándezIntroductio
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Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER ONETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOODA
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José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity
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CHAPTER FIVETHE VOLATILITY OF THEAG
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José María SumpsiThe volatility o
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CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
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Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
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José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
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INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
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From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
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PageConclusions and Recommendations
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Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
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Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
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Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
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Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
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Food security and global security - IEEE

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