Food security and global security - IEEE

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María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe role of women in food security(ROSCAs) (29) . Such associations are most common in Asia and Africa andconsist of groups, some exclusively comprised of women, who agree to pooltheir savings in order to create a fund to be used when the need arises.Access to financial resources can also allow women to play a more activerole in decision-taking within their family’s economic activity concerningsuch matters as crop type, the use of new seeds, the introduction of irrigationagriculture, how to sell products, what type of livestock to buy, management ofsavings or the school attendance of their children, especially girls.In order to resolve these issues, it is essential to get the financial sector involvedso that reforms are carried out aimed at making changes to the regulation oftheir services, at an organisational level, the design of new products adapted tothe specific needs of rural women and the introduction of new technologies (30) .The salaries of rural women are, on average, 25% lower than those of men (31) .The lack of information and the imposing of traditional social rules restrictrural women from having sufficient capacity to gain access to other sectors andachieve higher incomes.With regard to access to markets, rural women in developing countries facethe same difficulties as when attempting to access financial resources: lack ofinformation, difficulties in the process of negotiating prices with buyers andlack of mobility.93In order to facilitate the opening of new local, domestic and internationalmarkets, the collaboration of international organisations and greaterinvolvement from the private sector is crucial. By way of example, the yucca,which has traditionally been grown by women as a subsistence crop, can beused as a basic industrial product such as for producing baking flour or as anadhesive for the timber industry (32) .(29)KONGOLO M. «Women and Informal credit: lessons from Moterele, South Africa».Journalof International Women’s Studies. Vol. 4. 2007.(30)For more details on these proposals, see: Rural women’s access to financial services.ESA Working paper nº 11-07. March 2011.(31)Data taken from «Empowering Rural Women. End Hunger and Poverty» issued by theInternational Labour Organization to mark International Women’s Day.(32)The project entitled «Sustainable use of the yucca as a basic industrial product»undertaken in Ghana has allowed women to have access to new markets for yucca products.World Bank 2008.
María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe role of women in food security■■THE PRESENCE OF WOMEN IN ORGANISATIONSThe presence of women in agricultural organisations generally oscillatesbetween 30% and 50%, although these percentages fall drastically when wetalk about the presence of women in senior managerial positions (33) . Their lackof power within associations means that proposals put forward by rural womenin the creation of agricultural policies and programmes are seldom considered.Women’s associations play a crucial role in bridging the gender gap that existswithin such an important factor as information. They constitute a stepping stonebetween individual women and international organisations in order to promotethe launch of rural women empowerment and development programmes (34) .Proposals have been made to increase women’s representation and promotetheir leadership in agricultural associations. The FIDA and the WomenOrganizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management(WOCAN) have promoted experimental rural women leadership programmesin the Philippines and Nepal (35) .94Rural women’s associations can also play a major role in fostering thedevelopment of rural policies. Such is the case of the Soulaliyat women fromthe Kenitra province of Morocco, whose mobilisation campaign for collectiveland rights undertaken in 2010 culminated in a circular issued by the Ministryof the Interior urging provincial authorities to ensure that the principles ofgender equality are upheld in the transfer of communal land. This led to therecognition of women’s rights to inherit communal land and obtain money forthe use of land belonging to them but which had been privatised, thus puttingat risk their primary means of subsistence.In Africa, special mention should be given to the RMW (Rural Women’sMovement) encompassing 500 associations of indigenous women and whoseactions are focused on land ownership rights.In India, the SEWA Association brings together self-employed women workingon small holdings or in small companies and who constitute a particularlyvulnerable collective which includes women working in agriculture.The European Union also stresses the importance of farmers’ and women’sorganisations as a means of sharing new programmes aimed at diversifying(33)Report E/CN.6/2012/4 of the UN Economic and Social Council cites the example of theAsian Farmers’ Association where women are present in nine of its ten partner organisationsbut none include women amongst their senior managerial positions.(34)The «International Directory of Women’s Organisations» contains over 2000 women’sassociations from all ambits, including rural.(35)Report E/CN.6/2012/4.
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Food security and globalsecuritySpa
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GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
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CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSantos
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Santos Castro FernándezIntroductio
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CHAPTER ONETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOODA
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Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe
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José María SumpsiThe volatility o
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CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
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Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
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José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
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INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
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From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
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PageConclusions and Recommendations
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Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
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Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
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Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
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Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
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