Food security and global security - IEEE

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José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity and securityin the Old World such as wheat, barley and faba beans reached Latin Americathrough Spain, and major crops unknown in Europe, Africa and Asia, such asmaize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes and squash reached Europe via Spain fromLatin America.Perhaps for these reasons Spain has also played a leading role, recognised andappreciated by all countries during the negotiations of FAO for the conservation,sustainable use, access to research and benefit-sharing derived from theseresources. In 1979 at the FAO Conference, our country presented the first proposalfor an international agreement on genetic resources and an international genebank.Spain also had the honour in 1983 of unlocking the political impasse in thenegotiations of that agreement thanks to its generous offer to put its nationalgenebank under the auspices of the FAO for the conservation of ex situcollections of plant genetic resources from all over the world. Spain was againthe country that, in 1987, presented the first proposal for the development ofFarmers’ Rights.134The Spanish parliament was among the first to ratify the Treaty in 2004 andthe first meeting of its Governing Body took place in Madrid (June 2006), inwhich the Treaty became operational. Throughout the negotiation process, firstthe International Undertaking and then the brand new binding InternationalTreaty, Spain has been the Chair of the negotiating committee twice, andthe Secretary of the negotiating committee was a Spaniard, appointed by theDirector-General of FAO, since its creation in 1983 up to 2007.Consistent with this, Spain should maintain its international leadership on thisimportant issue, meeting existing expectations, both in the development ofinternational policies and international cooperation and technical assistance todeveloping countries. This does not necessarily imply any additional expense,but a redefinition of priorities in the context of the fight against hunger and theMillennium Goals 1 and 7. In addition to the UN, other additional multilateralpolicy frameworks could be the Alliance of Civilizations and the QuintetAgainst Hunger (or Alliance against Hunger), both Spanish initiatives.• The ABD situation in Spain:Spain is the richest country in Europe when it comes to agrobiodiversity, with ahuge variety of species as well as within species. This does not mean, however,that it depends on more than 80% of genes from other countries for our mostimportant crops, as has been shown in previous sections.The National Inventory of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculturehas about 32,000 local Spanish varieties of cultivated species and the Official
José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity and securityCatalogue of Spanish livestock breeds in 2008 had a total of 153 breedscatalogued. Nevertheless, the loss in recent decades of the enormous geneticheritage representing agricultural diversity has been, and continues to be,substantial, difficult to quantify and often irreparable. In recent decades, ruraldepopulation and rapid modernisation of agricultural, forestry and fisheryproduction systems have led to the disappearance of countless varieties ofcrops, livestock breeds, microbial strains, forest species populations andfishery resources. With them, many genetic resources with enormous potentialvalue have also been lost for use in Spain and outside of Spain today and inthe future.The destruction of Spanish agricultural biodiversity constitutes the loss of avery important part of our national heritage. Also, the traditional knowledgeassociated with the use of agricultural biodiversity is being lost, andconsequently an entire culture, because genetic resources are an essentialcomponent of local identity in the areas where they were developed and adaptedand they are crucial as a cultural element throughout the entire territory.The first national genebank was established in the 1970s and the first legaland institutional measures that were taken in Spain to stop the erosion ofgenetic resources for food and agriculture are more than 30 years old. Sincethen, thanks to different initiatives such as the national sectorial programmesof conservation and use of genetic resources, many diverse materials have beengathered for conservation in long-term maintenance collections, and they havebeen made available to users. An interesting point is that the majority (31) of thematerial conserved in Spanish genebanks is of national origin, contrary to whathappens in other industrialised countries. Much progress has also been madein the knowledge of our genetic resources, the awareness of its value has beenpromoted among farmers and consumers, and many materials have been usedin genetic improvement programmes for the benefit of agriculture.135• Recommendations for the improvement of national coordination: thedevelopment of a national ABD strategy.It is necessary to develop and better coordinate a national, regional and localABD policy, dispersed up to now, through the creation of an interministerialCommittee, as have other European countries, and promoting laws, regulationsand initiatives in this area. The objectives should include: the implementationof the International Treaty, plans of action and international programmesratified or signed by Spain on this subject; the conservation of our PGRFA, exsitu and in situ, in genebanks and protected areas; the application of farmers’rights referred to in Article 9 of the ITPGRFA; the promotion of agriculturalresearch and the broadening of the genetic base of our crops; the promotion ofpublic awareness and education of the Spaniards in this matter.(31)It is estimated around 65%.
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Food security and globalsecuritySpa
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GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
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CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSantos
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Santos Castro FernándezIntroductio
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CHAPTER ONETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOODA
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Julia Gifra and Susana BeltránThe
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María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe i
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Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER THREETHE ROLE OF WOMEN IN F
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Page 135 and 136: José María SumpsiThe volatility o
Page 161 and 162: CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
Page 163 and 164: Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
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José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
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INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
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From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
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PageConclusions and Recommendations
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Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
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Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
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Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
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Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
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Food security and global security - IEEE

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