Food security and global security - IEEE

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María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe impact of climate change on food securityIn late 2011, the FAO (49) presented its «Methodology for sustainable grasslandmanagement», which is being applied in China’s Qinghai province (50) . Thismethodology enables us to estimate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissionsand the increase in carbon capture in the soil resulting from sustainablegrassland management (51) . As a result, farmers in the area can sell carboncredits in markets that trade emission rights as a financing method to continuewith their activities, whilst mitigating climate change. This is a pilot study, butit is opening the door by considering the significant role that could be playedby the agricultural sector in mitigating climate change.The methodology has been presented to the VCS (Verified Carbon Standard) (52)for approval.• The rise of biofuelsThe obligation to reduce the use of fossil fuels is encouraging the use of otherenergy sources, including biofuels. However, the purchase of extensive areas ofland in developing countries to grow such crops conflicts with the fight againsthunger and the need to ensure food security for the poorest communities.78■■FINANCING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREFinance is needed to adapt the agricultural sector in developing countries.However, very little work has been done to estimate how much is needed.The World Bank has produced an approximate estimate that the «investmentrequired could be between 75 and 100 billion dollars per year in developingcountries» (53) . The World Bank increased its commitment to 9 billion at the endof 2012 (54) . However, there is obviously still a significant gap (55) .(49)The methodology was developed in collaboration with the Academy of AgriculturalSciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF, forits French acronym).(50)The methodology is based on the «Three Rivers Grassland Carbon Sequestration Project».This consists of improving the management of grasslands through practices such as rotationof grazing animals in summer and winter, limiting the time and number of animals in degradedgrasslands, and restoration of degraded land through planting of perennial grasslands forlong-term usage.(51)«Sustainable grassland Management Practices (SGM)».(52)Verified Carbon Standard (VSC) is a not-for-profit body that certifies greenhouse gasemission reduction programmes worldwide so that they can issue carbon credits for tradingin emissions markets.(53)World development report. 2010. World Bank.(54)http://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/2012/07/30/food-price-volatility-growingconcern-world-bank-stands-ready-respond(55)The FAO’s «Climate-smart agriculture» report is very clear on this, stating: that «availablefinancing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient to meet climate change andfood security challenges faced by the agriculture sector».
María del Mar Hidalgo GarcíaThe impact of climate change on food securityMitigation strategies in the agricultural sector can also contribute to thedevelopment of sustainable practices that ensure adaptation to climate change,helping to achieve food security and sustainable development in developingcountries. However, this synergy has not been recognised sufficiently. Foodsecurity must also have a place on the climate change agenda, as has often beenproposed by a number of international institutions, including the FAO.Despite the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) being to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions to enableecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food productionis not threatened and to permit sustainable economic growth, agriculture (56)and food security have never played a major part in international negotiationson climate change.However, agriculture should play a greater role. The Convention states thatthe Party States should cooperate in this sector to establish adaptation andmitigation measures (57) .At the most recent Conference of Parties, held in Durban, there was a glimpseof a possibility that this situation might change and agricultural activitymight have access to funds for fighting climate change. In order to intensifycooperation in certain sectors in relation to mitigation, the Conference agreedthat its Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice shouldexamine issues related to agriculture so as to share opinions and for theConference of Parties to make a decision in this regard at its 18th session (58) .79Quantifying agriculture’s contribution to climate change is a first step toaccessing funds for adaptation and mitigation. The recently launched GreenFund for the climate may be a source of finance for the fight against climatechange in developing countries (59) in order to foster sustainable agriculture.(56)With the exception of agreements on deforestation, land use and changes of land use.(57)Article 5 c) and e).(58)http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/spa/09a01s.pdf(59)According to the FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1a report «The Fund will contribute to theachievement of the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change. In the context of sustainable development, the Fund will promote theparadigm shift towards low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways byproviding support to developing countries to limit or reduce their greenhouse gas emissionsand to adapt to the impacts of climate change, taking into account the needs of thosedeveloping countries particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.... TheFund will strive to maximize the impact of its funding for adaptation and mitigation, andseek a balance between the two, while promoting environmental, social, economic anddevelopment co-benefits and taking a gender-sensitive approach».
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Food security and globalsecuritySpa
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GENERAL CATALOGUE OF OFFICIAL PUBLI
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CONTENTSCONTENTSINTRODUCTIONSantos
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Santos Castro FernándezIntroductio
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CHAPTER ONETHE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOODA
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Page 91 and 92: José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity
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José Esquinas AlcázarBiodiversity
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CHAPTER FIVETHE VOLATILITY OF THEAG
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José María SumpsiThe volatility o
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CHAPTER SIXHUNGER AND CONFLICTPablo
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Pablo Yuste EcharrenHunger and conf
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CHAPTER SEVENBIOFUELS AND FOODSECUR
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José María Medina ReyBiofuels and
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INDEXINDEXPageCONTENTS.............
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From the 1990s to Present day: Sear
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PageConclusions and Recommendations
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Nº TITLE21 Efectos económicos de
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Nº TITLE63 Los grandes maestros de
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Nº TITLE106 Magreb: percepción es
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Nº TITLE144 La cooperación multil
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