The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - Universität St.Gallen

– 167 –Table 4: Violent Crime and Sex Crime 1986–2001 Structural Form(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)Homicide Assault Hate Crime Rape Sex CrimeCriminal detectives -0.037 0.516** 0.518** -0.54 -0.610(*)(0.21) (2.72) (2.70) (1.59) (1.66)Ordinary policemen 0.528** 0.753** 0.745*** 1.581** 1.433**(2.73) (3.96) (3.71) (4.23) (3.51)Severity 111 0.001(0.97)Severity 122 123 0.003(1.41)Severity 0.001(0.70)Severity 187 -0.002 0.001(1.20) (0.33)<strong>Direct</strong> democracy -0.042 0.191** 0.160* -0.014 0.145(0.63) (2.59) (2.31) (0.18) (1.48)Welfare transfers 0.023 0.361** 0.323*** 0.075 0.102(0.21) (3.38) (3.33) (0.75) (0.84)Income inequality 0.088 -0.108 -0.077 0.058 -0.180(0.69) (0.91) (0.69) (0.39) (1.14)National income -0.298 -0.738** -0.772** -0.578(*) -0.559(*)(1.09) (2.66) (2.90) (1.81) (1.87)Unemployment rate -0.016 0.024 0.012 0.027 -0.064(0.40) (0.53) (0.29) (0.58) (1.19)Closeness to border 0.197(*) -0.346** -0.299*** 0.136 -0.006(1.96) (3.68) (3.55) (1.27) (0.06)Interaction between cantons 0.009 -0.002 -0.002 0.030** 0.016*(1.56) (0.48) (0.27) (3.91) (2.07)Urbanization 0.000 -0.006* -0.005(*) 0.003 0.012**(0.01) (2.12) (1.93) (1.17) (3.82)Cantonal population -0.195(*) 0.047 0.034 -0.536** 0.006(1.68) (0.47) (0.23) (4.12) (0.04)Residents 15 – 24 -0.021 -0.100* -0.075 0.169* 0.226*(0.45) (1.97) (1.56) (2.15) (2.44)Residents 25 – 29 0.043 0.025 0.005 0.163* -0.034(0.61) (0.24) (0.05) (1.97) (0.35)Romance canton -0.330(*) 0.025 0.001 -0.412* -0.088(1.90) (0.15) (0.01) (2.05) (0.42)Constant 7.243** 16.007** 16.040*** 11.727** 5.371*(4.16) (8.32) (7.81) (5.74) (2.45)Observations 384 416 416 416 416Centered R2 0.29 0.57 0.57 0.33 0.33Jarque-Bera χ-value 2.41 44.84*** 19.56*** 19.06*** 33.99***See table 3..