The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - UniversitÃƒÂ¤t St.Gallen

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– 38 –available for collection is now regulated at the constitutional level and not (exclusively)through a cantonal law (art. 3, 3 LIRR for the old constitution; art. 137, 1 LEDP since 1 Jan,1999). Hence, the index <strong>of</strong> direct democracy is unaffected. As the number <strong>of</strong> signatures forlaunching a constitutional initiative is significantly higher than the number necessary for astatutory one (10,000 vs. 7,000), it is now more difficult for the people to induce a change inthe requirement <strong>of</strong> the time period for collection than prior to the new constitution. At thispoint, it should be noted that the information in T/S 1999, p. 343, on the signaturerequirement for the statutory initiative in the proposed constitution does not reflect thenumber actually set in the new constitution.<strong>The</strong> canton Waadt also experienced the introduction <strong>of</strong> a new constitution, which entered int<strong>of</strong>orce on the 1st <strong>of</strong> September, 2003. As in many other cases, however, only small institutionalchanges were introduced through this process. <strong>The</strong> time period for collecting signatures foreither initiative was increased from 3 months to 4 months (art. 79, 2 CC) 55 ; however, thenumber <strong>of</strong> signatures was augmented to 18,000 for a total revision <strong>of</strong> the constitution butstayed the same for the partial revision and the statutory initiative. Since the index <strong>of</strong> directdemocracy does not take into account a total revision <strong>of</strong> the constitution (which occurs lessthan once in a human lifetime on average), it is not affected by that latter change.Nevertheless, the subindices for either initiative should increase from 2004 onwards. Inaddition, as in many other cantons and in contrast to the old legal setup, the time period forcollecting signatures is now regulated at the constitutional level. As, however, therequirements for changing a cantonal law and amending the constitution are identical inWaadt, regulating such an issue in the constitution does not weaken the institution-settingpower <strong>of</strong> the people. <strong>The</strong> old regulatory setup facilitated, in theory, changes by the parliamentto their advantage because cantonal laws were then subject only to an optional statutoryreferendum. <strong>The</strong> cantonal parliament, however, has never abused its power in the pastbecause, in political practice, the stipulation <strong>of</strong> 3 months has remained unchanged, at leastsince 1978 56 .Finally, the people <strong>of</strong> Neuenburg also totally revised their old constitution and voted on a newone on the 16th <strong>of</strong> October, 2001, which took effect on the 1st <strong>of</strong> January, 2002. In the new55 <strong>The</strong> new constitutional stipulation contradicts the time limit laid down in the cantonal law on political rights(art. 92, 1 LEDP). <strong>The</strong> Grand Conseil <strong>of</strong> Waadt, however, amended this law on the 5th <strong>of</strong> April, 2005. Thisrevision will come into force after a delay <strong>of</strong> 40 days if the electorate <strong>of</strong> Waadt does not carry out a statutoryreferendum to overrule this change.56 See T/S 1999, p. 375 cont. for an account <strong>of</strong> the institutional development <strong>of</strong> the initiative.
– 39 –constitution, the stipulations are more transparently and logically structured, but this did notcause a change in the institutional setup for either initiative. <strong>The</strong>refore, the two subindices <strong>of</strong>the statutory and the constitutional initiatives remain unchanged. Additionally in this case, therequirement <strong>of</strong> the time period, originally solely regulated in the cantonal law on politicalrights (LDP), became part <strong>of</strong> the constitutional provisions.4 <strong>The</strong> Statutory Referendum4.1 Mandatory Statutory ReferendumCantonZürich(30 Mar 2004)Table 4: Mandatory Statutory Referendum Between 1997 and 2003Article in cant.const.art. 30, num. 1Effective since1 Jan 1999(27 Sept 1998)RemarksNon-existing for lawsart. 30 bis, 1art. 30 bis, 31 Jan 1999(27 Sept 1998)Extraordinary mand. stat. ref. forlaws and decreesZürich(old)Bern(21 Oct 2003)Luzern(21 Oct 2003)Uri(1 Apr 2003)Schwyz(18 Aug 2004)art. 30, num. 1 1869 All formal laws, including treatieswhich have an impact on thecantonal legislation (see T/S 1999,p. 405)art. 61, 2 22 Sept 2002 Extraordinary stat. mand.referendum on issues which aresubject to the optional referendumart. 39, 1 1 Jan 1977 Extraordinary mand. stat. ref. forart. 24 lit. bart. 25, 4art. 30, 1art. 32Obwalden(22 Oct 2002) art. 58 lit. c(5 Dec 1976)1 Jan 1985(28 Oct 1984)laws and concordatsAll formal lawsExtraordinary mand. stat. ref. fordecrees <strong>of</strong> the Landrat1969 / 1970 All Laws29 Nov 1998(29 Nov 1998)Extraordinary mand. stat. ref. fordecrees and by-laws enacted by theKantonsratOnly initiatives which are notaccepted by the Kantonsratart. 59, 2 lit. aExtraordinary mand. stat. ref. forlaws
Page 1 and 2: The Impact
Page 3 and 4: - 3 -DanksagungDie Arbeit an der vo
Page 5 and 6: - 5 -HilfsmittelThe</strong
Page 7 and 8: - 7 -3.1 Cross section of</
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -Chapter I:Introduction
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -2 Theoretica
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -rights 14 . Similar empirical
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -under specific circumstances
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -3 Switzerland as a Perfect La
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -Chapter II:Direct</st
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -(Verwaltungsreferendum), a re
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -Landsgemeinde cantons, i.e. t
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -Table 1: Changes of</
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -precisely specified. Moreover
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -CantonLuzern(21 Oct 2003)Uri(
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Waadt(old)CantonWallis(21 Oct
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -Table 3: Requirements for a S
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -caused a duplication
Page 37: - 37 -During the time period under
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -A similar but less drastic re
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -present members so demand (ar
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -Table 5: Optional Statutory R
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -requirement of</stron
Page 57 and 58: - 57 -The cantonal
Page 59 and 60: - 59 -CantonObwalden(22 Oct 2002)Ta
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -CantonSt. Gallen(old)Graubün
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -also be observed in the canto
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -5.3. Optional Fiscal Referend
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -CantonSolothurn(30 Mar 2004)B
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -CantonWaadt(21 Oct 2003)newco
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -respect to the extraordinary
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -new optional (fiscal) referen
Page 75 and 76: - 75 -awarded based on its requirem
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -Hence, in these cantons, the
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -higher (4.417 instead <strong
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -democracy. Hence, the majorit
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Chapter III:Happiness
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -equilibrium. 81 Consequently,
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -are difficult to measure and
Page 89 and 90:
- 89 -a weighted ordered probit mod
Page 91 and 92:
- 91 -In general, how satisfied are
Page 93 and 94:
- 93 -dichotomous variable indicati
Page 95 and 96:
- 95 -obvious that omitting the lan
Page 97 and 98:
- 97 -Table 2: Results for Differen
Page 99 and 100:
- 99 -significant impact on persona
Page 101 and 102:
- 101 -Table 3a: Personal Subjectiv
Page 103 and 104:
- 103 -Table3c: Personal Subjective
Page 105 and 106:
- 105 -result from the creation by
Page 107 and 108:
- 107 -5 AppendixTable A.1: Distrib
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -Table A2: Results for Switze
Page 111 and 112:
- 111 -Table A.3: Descriptive Stati
Page 113 and 114:
- 113 -Chapter IV:Income Redistribu
Page 115 and 116:
- 115 -The latter
Page 117 and 118:
- 117 -coalition because they can e
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 -wing parties. If additional
Page 121 and 122:
- 121 -democracy as an explanatory
Page 123 and 124:
- 123 -political process. In genera
Page 125 and 126:
- 125 -democracy does not appear to
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -Table 1: Fiscal Referenda an
Page 129 and 130:
- 129 -The more fi
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -NER (2001), who argue that d
Page 133 and 134:
- 133 -redistribution, the cross se
Page 135 and 136:
- 135 -Table 3: Inequality and Redi
Page 137 and 138:
- 137 -some political scientists: <
Page 139 and 140:
- 139 -8 AppendixTable A.1: Expendi
Page 141 and 142:
- 141 -Chapter V:Public Safety
Page 143 and 144:
- 143 -average probabilities. An op
Page 145 and 146:
- 145 -legislative institution itse
Page 147 and 148:
- 147 -death less probable than oth
Page 149 and 150:
- 149 -2.4 The Rol
Page 151 and 152:
- 151 -Testable Hypothesis 1:<stron
Page 153 and 154:
- 153 -(1) log O = f (D 1 , D 2 , Y
Page 155 and 156:
- 155 -Higher clear-up and detectio
Page 157 and 158:
- 157 -Following the procedure <str
Page 159 and 160:
- 159 -(per capita) 188 . In this s
Page 161 and 162:
- 161 -Regarding the additional fis
Page 163 and 164:
- 163 -Table 3: Property Crime 1986
Page 165 and 166:
- 165 -from 1986 to 2001, it is pic
Page 167 and 168:
- 167 -Table 4: Violent Crime and S
Page 169 and 170:
- 169 -In sum, in the structural mo
Page 171 and 172:
- 171 -same. It is for robbery and
Page 173 and 174:
- 173 -Violent CrimeTable 6 display
Page 175 and 176:
- 175 -Table 6: Violent Crime and S
Page 177 and 178:
- 177 -the policemen in direct demo
Page 179 and 180:
- 179 -becoming a victim of
Page 181 and 182:
- 181 -Table A.2: Security Expendit
Page 183 and 184:
- 183 -Table A.4: Summary Statistic
Page 185 and 186:
- 185 -Table A.6: Property Crime, O
Page 187 and 188:
- 187 -Table A.8: Property Crime, O
Page 189 and 190:
- 189 -Table A.10: Deleted Observat
Page 191 and 192:
- 191 -Table A.11: Description <str
Page 194 and 195:
- 194 -Questionnaires
Page 196 and 197:
- 196 -Halten Sie die Erfassungspra
Page 198 and 199:
- 198 -Frage:Was wird neben dem Die
Page 200 and 201:
- 200 -Est-ce que vous jugez la pra
Page 202 and 203:
- 202 -Question:Les catégories sui
Page 204 and 205:
- 204 -1 IntroductionDirect
Page 206 and 207:
- 206 -possible to analyze the impa
Page 208 and 209:
- 208 -2.3 U.S. Empirical Evidence
Page 210 and 211:
- 210 -political autonomy by the Sw
Page 212 and 213:
- 212 -weakly induces more spending
Page 214 and 215:
- 214 -economics literature. In gen
Page 216 and 217:
- 216 -of the scho
Page 218 and 219:
- 218 -2002) 249 . One exception is
Page 220 and 221:
- 220 -4.2 Quantile Regression Resu
Page 222 and 223:
- 222 -quantiles, the index <strong
Page 224 and 225:
- 224 -the corresponding subject. <
Page 226 and 227:
- 226 -that the H 0 -hypothesis <st
Page 228 and 229:
- 228 -Overall, the robustness test
Page 230 and 231:
- 230 -average student is found for
Page 232 and 233:
- 232 -appears to be influential in
Page 234 and 235:
- 234 -Regarding the direct impact
Page 236 and 237:
- 236 -application of</stro
Page 238 and 239:
- 238 -Table 8.1: OLS Regressions f
Page 240 and 241:
- 240 -Table 8.2: Quantile Regressi
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
- 246 -Table 9.1: OLS Regression fo
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
- 254 -Table 10.1: OLS Regression f
Page 256 and 257:
- 256 -Table 10.2: Quantile Regress
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
- 262 -11 Appendix: Descriptive Sta
Page 264 and 265:
- 264 -Selective schoolRegular test
Page 266 and 267:
- 266 -Table 11.2: Indices
Page 268 and 269:
- 268 -Table 11.4: Descriptive Stat
Page 270 and 271:
- 270 -Chapter VII:Conclusion
Page 272 and 273:
- 272 -should lead, on average, to
Page 274 and 275:
- 274 -References
Page 276 and 277:
- 276 -ARTALE, A. and H.-P. GRÜNER
Page 278 and 279:
- 278 -CARD, D. and A. PAYNE (2002)
Page 280 and 281:
- 280 -EASTERLIN, R.A. (1974), Does
Page 282 and 283:
- 282 -FELD, L.P. and J.G. MATSUSAK
Page 284 and 285:
- 284 -FREY, B.S. and A. STUTZER (2
Page 286 and 287:
- 286 -HANUSHEK, E.A. (1986), <stro
Page 288 and 289:
- 288 -KESSLER, A. (2003), Represen
Page 290 and 291:
- 290 -LEHMAN, D.R., R.O. LEMPERT a
Page 292 and 293:
- 292 -MORGAN, M.C. and M. HENRION
Page 294 and 295:
- 294 -PROKHOROV, A.V., C. WARNEKE,
Page 296 and 297:
- 296 -SCHALTEGGER, CH. and L.P: FE
Page 298 and 299:
- 298 -TRECHSEL, A. and U. SERDÜLT
Page 300:
- 300 -Curriculum VitaeBorn on the
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