The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - Universität St.Gallen

– 78 –analysis, the so-called Landsgemeinden (OW, NW, GL, AR, AI) – i.e. those cantons thatknew no representative power <strong>of</strong> legislation in or until shortly prior to 1996 – were excludedfrom the description <strong>of</strong> institutions.CantonTable 8: Comparison <strong>of</strong> Index Values <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong>(1996)Stutzer(1996)Feld(1997)Feld(1997)Fischer(1998)Feld(1998)FischerZH 4.17 4.167 4.167 4.417 4.167 4.417BE 3.02 3.021 3.021 3.021 3.021 3.021LU 4.42 4.000 4.000 4.417 4.000 4.417UR 5.29 5.125 5.125 5.292 5.125 5.125SZ 4.99 4.656 4.656 4.990 4.656 4.990OW 5.833 5.833 5.833 5.833 5.333NW 5.000 5.000 4.438 5.000 4.438GL 5.500 5.500 5.750 5.500 5.333ZG 4.42 4.417 4.417 4.417 4.417 4.417FR 2.85 2.854 2.917 2.854 2.917 2.854SO 5.67 5.667 5.667 5.667 5.667 5.667BS 4.4 4.396 4.396 4.396 4.396 4.396BL 5.69 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688SH 5.21 5.000 5.000 5.208 5.000 5.208AR 5.500 5.500 5.500 5.500 5.500AI 5.250 5.250 5.375 5.250 5.375SG 3.58 3.167 3.167 3.458 3.167 3.458GR 4.75 4.500 4.500 4.833 4.500 4.833AG 5.46 5.458 5.458 5.458 5.458 5.458TG 4.33 4.333 4.333 4.333 4.333 4.333TI 2.10 1.854 1.854 2.104 1.854 2.250VD 2.42 2.417 2.417 2.417 2.417 2.417VS 3.58 3.250 3.250 3.583 3.250 3.583NE 2.19 2.188 2.250 2.188 2.250 2.188GE 1.75 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750JU 4.02 3.708 3.708 3.708 3.708 3.708A comparison <strong>of</strong> STUTZER’s version with that <strong>of</strong> FELD for 1996 reveals that the value <strong>of</strong>Zürich, which was correct for 1992 (see e.g. STUTZER and FREY 2000) was perpetuated byFELD and maintained until 1998, when at least since 1996, it should have been substantially