The Impact of Direct Democracy on Society - UniversitÃƒÂ¤t St.Gallen

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– 280 –EASTERLIN, R.A. (1974), Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some EmpiricalEvidence, in: P.A. DAVID and M.W. REDER (eds.), Nations and Households in EconomicGrowth, Academic Press, New York, London 1974, pp. 89 – 125.EHRLICH, I. (1996), Crime, Punishment and the Market for Offenses, Journal <strong>of</strong> EconomicPerspectives 10 (1996), p. 43 – 67.EHRLICH, I. (1973), A Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A <strong>The</strong>oretical and EmpiricalInvestigation, Journal <strong>of</strong> Political Economy 81 (1973), pp. 521 – 566.EIDE, E. (1994), Deterrence and the Rational Offender, North-Holland, Amsterdam1994.EKELUND, R.B. and R.D. TOLLISON (2001), <strong>The</strong> Interest-Group <strong>The</strong>ory <strong>of</strong> Government, in:W.F. SHUGART II and L. RAZZOLINI (eds.), <strong>The</strong> Elgar Companion to Public Choice,Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2001, pp. 357 – 378.ENTORF, H. and H. SPENGLER (2000), Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors <strong>of</strong> Crime inGermany: Evidence from Panel Data <strong>of</strong> the German States, International Review <strong>of</strong> Lawand Economics 20 (2000), pp. 75 – 106.EPPLE, D., and M.H. RIORDAN (1987), Cooperation and Punishment under Repeated MajorityVoting, Public Choice 55 (1987), pp. 41 – 73.EPPLE, D., R. ROMANO and H. SIEG (2003), Peer Effects, Financial Aid and Selection <strong>of</strong>Students into Colleges and Universities: An Empirical Analysis, Journal <strong>of</strong> AppliedEconometrics 18 (2003), pp. 501 – 25.EPPLE, D., and T. ROMER (1991), Mobility and Redistribution, Journal <strong>of</strong> Political Economy99 (1991), pp. 828 – 858.EXPERTENKOMMISSION (1997), Aus 29 mach 1: Konzept einer eidgenössischenStrafprozessordnung, Bericht der Expertenkommission “Vereinheitlichung desStrafprozessrechts”, Eidgenössisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartment (ed.), Bern, 1997.FAJNZYLBER, P., D. LEDERMAN and N. LOYAZA (2002), Inequality and Violent Crime, Journal<strong>of</strong> Law and Economics 45 (2002), pp. 1 – 40.FELD, L.P., J.A.V. FISCHER and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (2004), <strong>The</strong> Effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> onIncome Redistribution: Evidence for Switzerland, Paper presented at the Annual Congress<strong>of</strong> the German Economic Association (Verein für Socialpolitik), Dresden, 28.09. – 1.10.2004.
– 281 –FELD, L.P. (2000), Steuerwettbewerb und seine Auswirkungen auf Allokation und Distribution:Ein Überblick und eine empirische Analyse für die Schweiz, Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen2000.FELD, L.P. (1997), Exit, Voice and Income Taxes: <strong>The</strong> Loyalty <strong>of</strong> Voters, European Journal<strong>of</strong> Political Economy 13 (1997), pp. 455 – 478.FELD, L.P. and B.S. FREY (2002), Trust Breeds Trust: How Taxpayers are Treated, Economics<strong>of</strong> Governance 3 (2002), pp. 87 – 99.FELD, L.P. and B.S. FREY (2001), <strong>The</strong> Tax Authority and the Taxpayer: An exploratoryAnalysis, unpublished manuscript, University <strong>of</strong> St. Gallen, 2001.FELD, L.P., G. KIRCHGÄSSNER and C.A. SCHALTEGGER (2003), Decentralized taxation and theSize <strong>of</strong> Government: Evidence from Swiss State and Local Governments, CESIfo WorkingPaper No 1087, November 2003FELD, L.P. and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (2003), <strong>The</strong> Role <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> in the EuropeanUnion, CESifo Working Paper No. 1083, November 2003FELD, L.P. and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (2001), <strong>The</strong> Political Economy <strong>of</strong> <strong>Direct</strong> Legislation: <strong>Direct</strong><strong>Democracy</strong> in Local and Regional Decision-Making, Economic Policy 33 (2001), pp. 329– 367.FELD, L.P., and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (2001a), Does <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong> Reduce Public Debt?Evidence from Swiss Municipalities, Public Choice 109 (2001), pp. 347 – 370.FELD, L.P: and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (2000), <strong>Direct</strong> <strong>Democracy</strong>, political culture, and theoutcome <strong>of</strong> economic policy: a report on the Swiss experience. European Journal <strong>of</strong>Political Economy 16 (2000), pp. 287 – 306.FELD, L.P. and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (1999), Public Debt and Budgetary Procedures: Top Downor Bottom Up? Some Evidence from Swiss Municipalities in: J.M. POTERBA and J. VONHAGEN (eds.), Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance University <strong>of</strong> Chicago Press,Chicago 1999, pp. 151 – 179.FELD, L.P. and G. KIRCHGÄSSNER (1998), Die politische Ökonomie der direkten Demokratie:Eine Übersicht, Universität St. Gallen, Discussion paper No 9807, June 1998.FELD, L.P. and J.G. MATSUSAKA (2003), Budget Referendums and Government Spending,Evidence from Swiss Cantons, Journal <strong>of</strong> Public Economics 87 (2003), pp. 2703 – 2724.
Page 1 and 2:
The Impact
Page 3 and 4:
- 3 -DanksagungDie Arbeit an der vo
Page 5 and 6:
- 5 -HilfsmittelThe</strong
Page 7 and 8:
- 7 -3.1 Cross section of</
Page 9 and 10:
- 9 -Chapter I:Introduction
Page 11 and 12:
- 11 -2 Theoretica
Page 13 and 14:
- 13 -rights 14 . Similar empirical
Page 15 and 16:
- 15 -under specific circumstances
Page 17 and 18:
- 17 -3 Switzerland as a Perfect La
Page 19 and 20:
- 19 -Chapter II:Direct</st
Page 21 and 22:
- 21 -(Verwaltungsreferendum), a re
Page 23 and 24:
- 23 -Landsgemeinde cantons, i.e. t
Page 25 and 26:
- 25 -Table 1: Changes of</
Page 27 and 28:
- 27 -precisely specified. Moreover
Page 29 and 30:
- 29 -CantonLuzern(21 Oct 2003)Uri(
Page 31 and 32:
- 31 -Waadt(old)CantonWallis(21 Oct
Page 33 and 34:
- 33 -Table 3: Requirements for a S
Page 35 and 36:
- 35 -caused a duplication
Page 37 and 38:
- 37 -During the time period under
Page 39 and 40:
- 39 -constitution, the stipulation
Page 41 and 42:
- 41 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
Page 43 and 44:
- 43 -Table 4: Mandatory Statutory
Page 45 and 46:
- 45 -A similar but less drastic re
Page 47 and 48:
- 47 -present members so demand (ar
Page 49 and 50:
- 49 -Table 5: Optional Statutory R
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
- 55 -requirement of</stron
Page 57 and 58:
- 57 -The cantonal
Page 59 and 60:
- 59 -CantonObwalden(22 Oct 2002)Ta
Page 61 and 62:
- 61 -CantonSt. Gallen(old)Graubün
Page 63 and 64:
- 63 -also be observed in the canto
Page 65 and 66:
- 65 -5.3. Optional Fiscal Referend
Page 67 and 68:
- 67 -CantonSolothurn(30 Mar 2004)B
Page 69 and 70:
- 69 -CantonWaadt(21 Oct 2003)newco
Page 71 and 72:
- 71 -respect to the extraordinary
Page 73 and 74:
- 73 -new optional (fiscal) referen
Page 75 and 76:
- 75 -awarded based on its requirem
Page 77 and 78:
- 77 -Hence, in these cantons, the
Page 79 and 80:
- 79 -higher (4.417 instead <strong
Page 81 and 82:
- 81 -democracy. Hence, the majorit
Page 83 and 84:
- 83 -Chapter III:Happiness
Page 85 and 86:
- 85 -equilibrium. 81 Consequently,
Page 87 and 88:
- 87 -are difficult to measure and
Page 89 and 90:
- 89 -a weighted ordered probit mod
Page 91 and 92:
- 91 -In general, how satisfied are
Page 93 and 94:
- 93 -dichotomous variable indicati
Page 95 and 96:
- 95 -obvious that omitting the lan
Page 97 and 98:
- 97 -Table 2: Results for Differen
Page 99 and 100:
- 99 -significant impact on persona
Page 101 and 102:
- 101 -Table 3a: Personal Subjectiv
Page 103 and 104:
- 103 -Table3c: Personal Subjective
Page 105 and 106:
- 105 -result from the creation by
Page 107 and 108:
- 107 -5 AppendixTable A.1: Distrib
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -Table A2: Results for Switze
Page 111 and 112:
- 111 -Table A.3: Descriptive Stati
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- 113 -Chapter IV:Income Redistribu
Page 115 and 116:
- 115 -The latter
Page 117 and 118:
- 117 -coalition because they can e
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 -wing parties. If additional
Page 121 and 122:
- 121 -democracy as an explanatory
Page 123 and 124:
- 123 -political process. In genera
Page 125 and 126:
- 125 -democracy does not appear to
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -Table 1: Fiscal Referenda an
Page 129 and 130:
- 129 -The more fi
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -NER (2001), who argue that d
Page 133 and 134:
- 133 -redistribution, the cross se
Page 135 and 136:
- 135 -Table 3: Inequality and Redi
Page 137 and 138:
- 137 -some political scientists: <
Page 139 and 140:
- 139 -8 AppendixTable A.1: Expendi
Page 141 and 142:
- 141 -Chapter V:Public Safety
Page 143 and 144:
- 143 -average probabilities. An op
Page 145 and 146:
- 145 -legislative institution itse
Page 147 and 148:
- 147 -death less probable than oth
Page 149 and 150:
- 149 -2.4 The Rol
Page 151 and 152:
- 151 -Testable Hypothesis 1:<stron
Page 153 and 154:
- 153 -(1) log O = f (D 1 , D 2 , Y
Page 155 and 156:
- 155 -Higher clear-up and detectio
Page 157 and 158:
- 157 -Following the procedure <str
Page 159 and 160:
- 159 -(per capita) 188 . In this s
Page 161 and 162:
- 161 -Regarding the additional fis
Page 163 and 164:
- 163 -Table 3: Property Crime 1986
Page 165 and 166:
- 165 -from 1986 to 2001, it is pic
Page 167 and 168:
- 167 -Table 4: Violent Crime and S
Page 169 and 170:
- 169 -In sum, in the structural mo
Page 171 and 172:
- 171 -same. It is for robbery and
Page 173 and 174:
- 173 -Violent CrimeTable 6 display
Page 175 and 176:
- 175 -Table 6: Violent Crime and S
Page 177 and 178:
- 177 -the policemen in direct demo
Page 179 and 180:
- 179 -becoming a victim of
Page 181 and 182:
- 181 -Table A.2: Security Expendit
Page 183 and 184:
- 183 -Table A.4: Summary Statistic
Page 185 and 186:
- 185 -Table A.6: Property Crime, O
Page 187 and 188:
- 187 -Table A.8: Property Crime, O
Page 189 and 190:
- 189 -Table A.10: Deleted Observat
Page 191 and 192:
- 191 -Table A.11: Description <str
Page 194 and 195:
- 194 -Questionnaires
Page 196 and 197:
- 196 -Halten Sie die Erfassungspra
Page 198 and 199:
- 198 -Frage:Was wird neben dem Die
Page 200 and 201:
- 200 -Est-ce que vous jugez la pra
Page 202 and 203:
- 202 -Question:Les catégories sui
Page 204 and 205:
- 204 -1 IntroductionDirect
Page 206 and 207:
- 206 -possible to analyze the impa
Page 208 and 209:
- 208 -2.3 U.S. Empirical Evidence
Page 210 and 211:
- 210 -political autonomy by the Sw
Page 212 and 213:
- 212 -weakly induces more spending
Page 214 and 215:
- 214 -economics literature. In gen
Page 216 and 217:
- 216 -of the scho
Page 218 and 219:
- 218 -2002) 249 . One exception is
Page 220 and 221:
- 220 -4.2 Quantile Regression Resu
Page 222 and 223:
- 222 -quantiles, the index <strong
Page 224 and 225:
- 224 -the corresponding subject. <
Page 226 and 227:
- 226 -that the H 0 -hypothesis <st
Page 228 and 229:
- 228 -Overall, the robustness test
Page 230 and 231: - 230 -average student is found for
Page 232 and 233: - 232 -appears to be influential in
Page 234 and 235: - 234 -Regarding the direct impact
Page 236 and 237: - 236 -application of</stro
Page 238 and 239: - 238 -Table 8.1: OLS Regressions f
Page 240 and 241: - 240 -Table 8.2: Quantile Regressi
Page 246 and 247: - 246 -Table 9.1: OLS Regression fo
Page 254 and 255: - 254 -Table 10.1: OLS Regression f
Page 256 and 257: - 256 -Table 10.2: Quantile Regress
Page 262 and 263: - 262 -11 Appendix: Descriptive Sta
Page 264 and 265: - 264 -Selective schoolRegular test
Page 266 and 267: - 266 -Table 11.2: Indices
Page 268 and 269: - 268 -Table 11.4: Descriptive Stat
Page 270 and 271: - 270 -Chapter VII:Conclusion
Page 272 and 273: - 272 -should lead, on average, to
Page 274 and 275: - 274 -References
Page 276 and 277: - 276 -ARTALE, A. and H.-P. GRÜNER
Page 278 and 279: - 278 -CARD, D. and A. PAYNE (2002)
Page 282 and 283: - 282 -FELD, L.P. and J.G. MATSUSAK
Page 284 and 285: - 284 -FREY, B.S. and A. STUTZER (2
Page 286 and 287: - 286 -HANUSHEK, E.A. (1986), <stro
Page 288 and 289: - 288 -KESSLER, A. (2003), Represen
Page 290 and 291: - 290 -LEHMAN, D.R., R.O. LEMPERT a
Page 292 and 293: - 292 -MORGAN, M.C. and M. HENRION
Page 294 and 295: - 294 -PROKHOROV, A.V., C. WARNEKE,
Page 296 and 297: - 296 -SCHALTEGGER, CH. and L.P: FE
Page 298 and 299: - 298 -TRECHSEL, A. and U. SERDÜLT
Page 300: - 300 -Curriculum VitaeBorn on the
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