Volume 4 No 2 - Journal for the Study of Antisemitism

498 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ANTISEMITISM [ VOL. 4:495never able to make a convincing case that it was caused by authoritarianchildrearing practices.”• In line with this notion, even the items and the meaning of the itemsof authoritarianism seem to change to a considerable degree overtime; it is not as consistent and stable as it was hypothesized to be.Altemeyer (1981) reported a significant decline in the consistency ofauthoritarian items and inter-item correlations. This loosening ofinternal consistency may have an impact on the relation betweenauthoritarianism and antisemitism as well. Raden (1999, p. 323), forexample, who conducted research in 1990 among non-Jewish whites,concluded: “The results suggest a diminished role for antisemitism inauthoritarian attitude syndromes.”• The political importance, content, and position of antisemitism on theleft-right scale has changed dramatically in the last few decades. As areaction to growing fears and cultural conflicts over Muslim immigration,some new populist, authoritarian, radical-right movements with astrongly, harshly philosemitic or Zionist political ideological standpoint—suchas the Party of Freedom in the Netherlands, the SwedenDemocrats, or the EDL in Great Britain—gained a foothold inEurope. Even a number of political forces that have once beenstrongly antisemitic, such as the Front National in France, haveshifted toward a more pro-Israeli, philosemitic position. Politicalforces in the West that choose to remain on the antisemitic track (suchas the BNP in Great Britain) seem to have become out of fashion andmarginalized. At the same time, however, antisemitism and anti-Zionismhave strengthened their political positions on the New Left andamong anti-globalizational leftist movements. These political tendenciescould have partly overwritten the relation of antisemitism toauthoritarian right-wing tendencies—at least in Western Europeancountries. In these samples, we can assume that authoritarianism maybe associated with philosemitic and pro-Israeli attitudes.• On the other hand, antisemitism is not necessarily a dimension ofprejudice that is equivalent in importance attitudinally to any othertypes of prejudice. As Kovács (2011) noted in his book on post-communistHungary, antisemitism nowadays serves as a code of identityin political conflicts, where it plays a crucial role in authoritarianism:this is a “revolution” against the democratic status quo, and also astrategy for group identification and a response to identity threats intimes of crises and frustrations (on the latter point, also see Duckitt,1989).Because of the fact that researches on authoritarianism became so distantfrom studies on antisemitism, it would be relevant to examine the originalassumptions of TAP regarding the close connection betweenauthoritarian tendencies and antisemitism—namely, that authoritarian attitudesare the important underlying factors and predictors behindantisemitism.