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5. Binders AAPA 2011 Study Tour Group ReportTypical types and percentages of polymers used in modified bindersGradeS - E1 & A – E1S – E2 & A- E2S – R1 & A – R1A – P1A – H1A – H2Modifier type & percentage2.5 % SBS or 5% SBR latex> 4 % SBS20 – 24 % crumb rubber> 5% EVA> 5% Gilsonite> 4% SasobitMore extensive use is made of bitumen emulsions in road construction and maintenancetechniques such as sprayed seals, enrichment sprays, primes, stabilization, crack sealants, bondcoats, microsurfacings and slurries. Polymer modified emulsions are used in winter to allowconstruction of new seals at lower ambient temperatures.A softer grade of bitumen is used for sprayed seals compared with Australian practice. Very littleuse is made of petroleum solvents in cutting back binders for spray sealing. Hot binders are onlysprayed when the road surface temperatures exceeds 25°C and is rising. Dilute emulsions aresprayed over new seals to prevent early life stone loss under traffic.1. Bitumen supply and specificationsSouth Africa has 4 refineries located at Durban (Shell/BP & Engen formerly Mobil), Cape Town(Caltex) and Sasolburg (Sasol/Total) which produce the following grades of bitumen:Refined bitumen gradesGrade Use Australian equivalent80/100 Spray seal C80¹60/70 Asphalt wearing course C17040/50 Asphalt base course C320MC 30 Cut back prime AMC 0MC 3000 Cutback spray seal AMC4Note : South Africa does not cutback their spray grade bitumen (which is equivalent to a C80) withkerosene on-site whereas in Australia we use a harder bitumen (C170) and cut it back.The bitumens are refined to meet rheological properties across the expected performancetemperature spectrum in road applications. To this end specification ranges are set based onmeeting before and after RTFOT limits for:V4-2 Page 44
5. Binders AAPA 2011 Study Tour Group Report• Penetration @ 25°C• Viscosity @ 60°C• Viscosity @ 135°C• Softening pointLow TempCrackingSANS 307 frameworkAve. ServiceTemperatureHotSummerMixing &CompactionConsistencyPen R&B Visc @60 CBefore agingAfter agingVisc @135 C0 25 50 75 100 125 150Temperature (degC)Source: Sabita Manual 2Figure : Graphical illustration of empirical binder properties over their temperature spectrumWork is being done under the auspices of the CSIR to develop a ‘simple’ performance gradespecification which will render a seamless test regime across all types and grades of binders usingthe following performance criteria and tests to measure:• Stiffness (G*) and elastic behaviour (phase angle) with the dynamic shear rheometer atmaximum in-service temperature• Short term aging temperature susceptibility using dynamic viscosity after RTFOT• Long term aging performance using PAV and DSRV4-2 Page 45
Page 1 and 2: Australian Asphalt Pavement Associa
Page 3 and 4: Contents1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 22. IN
Page 5 and 6: 1. Executive Summary AAPA 2011 Stud
Page 7 and 8: 2. INTRODUCTIONIn the forty year hi
Page 9 and 10: 3. Overview and Recommendations AAP
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Page 57 and 58: 5. Binders Questions and Responses
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Page 67 and 68: 6. Improving Pavement Performance A
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7. Sustainability AAPA 2011 Study T
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7. Sustainability AAPA 2011 Study T
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7. Sustainability - Questions & Res
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8. CAPSA’11 & General AAPA 2011 S
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8. CAPSA’11 & General AAPA 2011 S
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8. General - Questions & Responses
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8. General - Questions & Responses
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Appendix 9.1 - Detailed ItineraryAA
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Appendix 9.1 - Detailed ItineraryAA
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Appendix 9.2 - Study Tour Delegates
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Appendix 9.2 - Study Tour Delegates
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Appendix 9.3- Question ListAAPA 201
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Appendix 9.4 - South African Acrony
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Appendix 9.4 - South African Acrony
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Appendix 9.5 - ReferencesAAPA 2011
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Australian Asphalt Pavement Associa
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