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The <strong>PODES</strong> core data provides information on the existence of different types of health facilities inthe village, including hospitals, maternal hospitals, polyclinics, Puskesmas, Puskesmas Pembantu,Poskesdes, Polindes, and Posyandu, as well as physician’s and obstetrician’s practices. In case therespective facility is not available within the village/neighborhood, the core includes informationon a) the distance to and b) the ease of reaching the nearest facility.Both the core and the census include information on the number of physicians, dentists, midwives,nurses and other health personnel working in the facilities and villages. 5 Further, the infrastructurecensus contains information on the availability of a range of services and equipment at the facilitylevel. These variables are not available for those facilities that are not covered by the census (i.e.hospitals, polyclinics, physician’s and midwife’s practices). Aggregating this information at villageor sub-district level would hence only be accurate for those sub-districts where no hospitals andpolyclinics are present (which applies to around 60 percent of the 6,771 sub-districts). Finally, theinfrastructure census provides information on a range of building characteristics, of which theavailability of electricity and the supply of water, as well as indicators of roof and floor quality aremost suited to assess the physical condition of facilities.Information on Education <strong>Infrastructure</strong>The data on education supply and infrastructure from the Core and the infrastructure census is alsocategorized along three dimensions: (i) physical availability; (ii) student numbers and teachercharacteristics; and (iii) available rooms and facility characteristics. Table II.2 provides anoverview.Information on existent public SD, SMP, SMA and SMK is available from both the Core and theinfrastructure census, while the Core additionally provides information on early childhoodeducation facilities (PAUD and Kindergarten/TK), as well as the number of private facilities for allschool types, including academies, special schools (SLB), Islamic boarding schools, and Madrasahdiniyah. Further, the core includes information on the distance to the nearest school for each schooltype, if the respective facility is not present within the village or neighborhood.For all public schools the infrastructure census provides information on the number of students (bysex and grade), as well as the number of teachers, their type of contract (permanent vs. temporary),and their level of education (S1 degree or higher versus D3 degree or lower). With this information,the average number of students per class, student-teacher ratios, and the share of permanent and/orteachers holding at least an S1 degree are calculated for each school.As for the health facilities, the school census provides information on a range of buildingcharacteristics. We focus on the availability of electricity and water within the facility and5 In part, the numbers differ substantially between the two sources, which is due to the broader focus of theCore data (including hospitals, polyclinics, physician’s and midwife’s practices).4
indicators of roof and floor materials and quality. Furthermore, the census contains information onavailable rooms, including the number of classrooms, laboratories, libraries, bathrooms, exercisefields, UKS rooms, and staffrooms.Table II.2: Available Information on Education <strong>Infrastructure</strong> from <strong>PODES</strong>DimensionPhysical Availability(public and private)Students andTeachers(for public schools)Available Roomsand FacilityCharacteristics(for public schools)Indicator(s)Number of Facilities per 10,000 populationDistance to the next facilityStudent-Teacher RatiosNumber of Students per ClassShare of permanent / S1 teachersLibrariesLaboratoriesElectrificationWater SourceType and condition of roof and wallII.2. Methodological ApproachThis section provides a general overview of the main steps in the analysis, the methodologicalapproach and implementation. More detailed explanations are given in the technical appendices,while the subsequent chapters only refer to the main results.The main goal and, at the same time, challenge of this analysis is to use the immense amount ofinformation from the <strong>PODES</strong> data for a reliable and accessible description of the state of villageinfrastructure in Indonesia. On the one hand, we aim for a comprehensive breakdown of thedifferent aspects of local service supply; on the other hand, we intend to condense the availableinformation into a summary indicator that allows for an easy grasp of the overall situation. Theanalysis of infrastructure supply readiness therefore consists of three main phases: (i) identificationof the main indicators and analysis of the geographical distribution of these indicators; (ii)constructing a composite index based on the selected indicators; and, (iii) quantifying supply gaps,and translating these supply gaps into estimates of the total financial gap.Selection of the main indicatorsThe data from both the <strong>PODES</strong> core census and the infrastructure census are combined to make useof all the information available. Therefore, the facility-level information from the infrastructurecensus is first transformed into village-level indicators, and then merged with the Core data into asingle dataset. These indicators of local health, education and transportation infrastructure can be5
Page 3 and 4: List of TablesTable II.1: Available
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations, Acronyms and TermsBP
Page 7 and 8: obust across sectors, with signific
Page 9 and 10: I. IntroductionOver the past decade
Page 14 and 15: aggregated at sub-district, distric
Page 16 and 17: i. Weights are based on the supply
Page 18 and 19: The first indicator is intended to
Page 20 and 21: average, difficult to reach for abo
Page 22 and 23: DIMENSION 1: PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY
Page 24 and 25: Given the existence of only one Pus
Page 26 and 27: for Puskesmas are above 90 percent
Page 28: Table III.7: OLS Regression Results
Page 31 and 32: PercentPercent10 20 30 4010 20 30 4
Page 33 and 34: Table III.13: Access to Health Serv
Page 35 and 36: Health WorkforceTurning to the indi
Page 38: while the indicators of accessibili
Page 41 and 42: and characterized by huge regional
Page 43 and 44: Selatan (88%) and Sulawesi Selatan
Page 45 and 46: IV.3. A Composite Index of Educatio
Page 51 and 52: Indicator Type of Gap Total Nationa
Page 53 and 54: Teacher QualificationTurning to the
Page 55 and 56: Public Transport to Sub-district He
Page 57 and 58: norm. However, on Kalimantan and Pa
Page 59 and 60: VI. Summary of Results and Policy R
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the quality of the provided indicat
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̅AppendixAppendix 1: Decomposition
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This impression is confirmed by the
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Table A.4: Education Indicators and
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BPSPHYSICAL AVAILABILITY HEALTH PER
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BPS PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY TEACHER Q
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