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The geographical profile of road and bridge characteristics, and public transport availability, isportrayed in figures V.1 to V.3. Figure V.1 shows that across sub-districts in Java almost allvillages have main roads with asphalt or gravel/stone surfaces. On Sumatra and Sulawesi, subdistrictsalso score predominantly above 90 percent, but still a non-trivial number of sub-districtsfall in the range between 0.5 and 0.9, and incidentally we see sub-districts where less than half ofthe villages have main roads with some form of hardened surface. For Kalimantan, NTB and NTBwe observe a large degree of variation across sub-districts within regions, while sub-districts onMaluku and in particular Papua score very low, predominantly below 0.5 and often below 0.25.Figure V.1: Map – Share of Villages with Asphalt or Gravel/Stone Main RoadThe sub-districts shares of villages where no new bridges are required, is shown in Figure V.2. OnJava, villages predominantly report that no new bridges are needed, although there is quite somevariation across sub-districts. On Sumatra and Papua, we see a much greater degree of variationacross sub-districts than on Java, but still ranging along the full scale from 0 and 1. A largevariation is also observed for Kalimantan, NTB and NTB, and Maluku, but average levels arelower, often below 0.5.Figure V.2: Map – Share of Villages with NO need for New BridgesWith regard to the availability of public transport, Figure V.3 portrays large geographic differences,both across and within regions. On Java, the availability of public transport with fixed routes is the48
norm. However, on Kalimantan and Papua the village shares are predominantly below 0.25.Sumatra, NTB, NTT, and Maluku also score low on average, but still show some variation withinthe larger regions.Figure V.3: Map – Share of Villages with Public Transport to Regent/Mayor’s OfficeV.3. Quantifying Needs for InvestmentThe gap in access to transportation infrastructure is given in Table V.3, expressing the gap in termsof the number of villages that report a lack of infrastructure. Out of 78,600 villages included in thecensus, 9,735 villages report having a main road that does not have a hardened surface. However, amuch larger number of villages, 31,309, report substantial damage to the main village road. Acomparable number of villages, 35,048, reports substantial damages to bridges along the main road,while 17,450 villages need additional bridges to be built. Access to public transport with a fixedroute to the sub-districts head’s and the regent/mayor’s office is lacking in 51,316 and 31,026villages, respectively.Table V.3: Overall Gaps in Transportation <strong>Infrastructure</strong>Dimension Type of Gap Total GapCharacteristics of the Village’sMain RoadCharacteristics of BridgesAvailability of Public TransportNumber of villages with main road not asphaltedor with graveled surfaceNumber of villages with main road substantiallydamaged9,73531,309Bridges with substantial damages 35,048Number of villages with need for additionalbridge(s)Number of villages without public transport withfixed route to the sub-district head’s officeNumber of citizens without public transport withfixed route to the regent/mayor’s office17,45051,31631,02649
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List of TablesTable II.1: Available
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations, Acronyms and TermsBP
Page 7 and 8: obust across sectors, with signific
Page 9 and 10: I. IntroductionOver the past decade
Page 12 and 13: The PODES core dat
Page 14 and 15: aggregated at sub-district, distric
Page 16 and 17: i. Weights are based on the supply
Page 18 and 19: The first indicator is intended to
Page 20 and 21: average, difficult to reach for abo
Page 22 and 23: DIMENSION 1: PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY
Page 24 and 25: Given the existence of only one Pus
Page 26 and 27: for Puskesmas are above 90 percent
Page 28: Table III.7: OLS Regression Results
Page 31 and 32: PercentPercent10 20 30 4010 20 30 4
Page 33 and 34: Table III.13: Access to Health Serv
Page 35 and 36: Health WorkforceTurning to the indi
Page 38: while the indicators of accessibili
Page 41 and 42: and characterized by huge regional
Page 43 and 44: Selatan (88%) and Sulawesi Selatan
Page 45 and 46: IV.3. A Composite Index of Educatio
Page 51 and 52: Indicator Type of Gap Total Nationa
Page 53 and 54: Teacher QualificationTurning to the
Page 55: Public Transport to Sub-district He
Page 59 and 60: VI. Summary of Results and Policy R
Page 61 and 62: the quality of the provided indicat
Page 63 and 64: ̅AppendixAppendix 1: Decomposition
Page 65 and 66: This impression is confirmed by the
Page 67 and 68: Table A.4: Education Indicators and
Page 69 and 70: BPSPHYSICAL AVAILABILITY HEALTH PER
Page 83 and 84: BPS PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY TEACHER Q
Page 95: BPS PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY TEACHER Q
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