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Similar patterns are found for the ranking of average education supply readiness, with DKI Jakarta(98 %), DI Yogyakarta (97 %), Jawa Tengah (96 %), and Bali ( 96 %) performing best, andKalimantan Barat (64 %), Maluku Utara (61 %), Maluku (60 %), Papua Barat (40 %) and Papua(26 %) showing the lowest average sub-district scores. To a large extent, these patterns are alsoobserved for the indicators of transportation infrastructure. However, despite the consistent overalltrends, we also observe substantial variations within regions and provinces. One explanation forthese local disparities is a stark urban-rural divide, not only with respect to the accessibility, butalso the quality of available services.VI.2. Policy RecommendationsThe <strong>2011</strong> <strong>PODES</strong> infrastructure census provides detailed and up-to-date information on theavailability and quality of basic infrastructure in Indonesia. The various indicators developedthrough this analysis may, therefore, constitute a valuable tool for informing national and localgovernments, international organizations, and NGOs alike, on regional variation in infrastructureinvestment needs. Potential applications of these data include:Improve targeting of PNPM and other government programs: Based on a complete andcomprehensive picture of remaining deficits in the provision of basic infrastructure, theindicators can contribute to an improved targeting of PNPM and other governmentprograms.Contribute to the provision, assessment, and improvement of social services in Indonesia:Actively disseminating the data can foster its usage by the various public and privatestakeholders that are engaged in the provision of social services in Indonesia. Thisawareness of the data would thereby also help avoid the costly collection of alreadyexistent information.Support efforts to improve transparency and accountability at local level: Regional andlocal inequities can be identified given the implementation of the analysis at sub-districtlevel. The public dissemination of the indicators may contribute to increased transparency,and, hence, political accountability at local level.Provide the basis for follow-up analyses and the continuous monitoring of infrastructuresupply readiness: The present assessment of the local supply of basic services offersvarious opportunities for follow-up analyses.- The results from the <strong>PODES</strong> data should be compared with related surveys of localhealth and education infrastructure in order to further evaluate the reliability of thedata and to bring together available information, where possible. The assessment of52
the quality of the provided indicators may also be complemented by qualitativefieldwork.- Combining the <strong>PODES</strong> indicators with other socio-economic datasets will facilitateresearch into the determinants of local service supply, demand, and outcomes.- To this end, it is not only desirable to regularly conduct the <strong>PODES</strong> core census, butalso to repeat the infrastructure census in the future, thus enabling continuousmonitoring of the quantity and quality of village infrastructure. Keeping track ofchanges over time will enable a more rigorous evaluation of social programs.If the infrastructure census is conducted again in the future, we suggest the following changes andamendments:The health census covers a subset of public health facilities. Subject to budget restrictions,other public and private facilities, such as hospitals or polyclinics, should be included forcompleteness.The information on the services offered by health facilities could be expanded and, in part,be rendered more precisely. In particular, further information on available medicalequipment, supplies, and treatments would provide an interesting supplement to assess thequality of services.The education census is confined to public facilities. Again subject to budgetaryconstraints, the inclusion of private facilities would be particularly useful in the area ofsecondary schooling, where private schools account for a substantial share of the existentfacilities. Moreover, no facility-level information is collected on early childhood educationfacilities.53
Page 3 and 4:
List of TablesTable II.1: Available
Page 5 and 6:
Abbreviations, Acronyms and TermsBP
Page 7 and 8:
obust across sectors, with signific
Page 9 and 10: I. IntroductionOver the past decade
Page 12 and 13: The PODES core dat
Page 14 and 15: aggregated at sub-district, distric
Page 16 and 17: i. Weights are based on the supply
Page 18 and 19: The first indicator is intended to
Page 20 and 21: average, difficult to reach for abo
Page 22 and 23: DIMENSION 1: PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY
Page 24 and 25: Given the existence of only one Pus
Page 26 and 27: for Puskesmas are above 90 percent
Page 28: Table III.7: OLS Regression Results
Page 31 and 32: PercentPercent10 20 30 4010 20 30 4
Page 33 and 34: Table III.13: Access to Health Serv
Page 35 and 36: Health WorkforceTurning to the indi
Page 38: while the indicators of accessibili
Page 41 and 42: and characterized by huge regional
Page 43 and 44: Selatan (88%) and Sulawesi Selatan
Page 45 and 46: IV.3. A Composite Index of Educatio
Page 51 and 52: Indicator Type of Gap Total Nationa
Page 53 and 54: Teacher QualificationTurning to the
Page 55 and 56: Public Transport to Sub-district He
Page 57 and 58: norm. However, on Kalimantan and Pa
Page 59: VI. Summary of Results and Policy R
Page 63 and 64: ̅AppendixAppendix 1: Decomposition
Page 65 and 66: This impression is confirmed by the
Page 67 and 68: Table A.4: Education Indicators and
Page 69 and 70: BPSPHYSICAL AVAILABILITY HEALTH PER
Page 83 and 84: BPS PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY TEACHER Q
Page 95: BPS PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY TEACHER Q
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