30 SAOTHAR 13Ireland for most of the nineteenth century. However the crucial period 1879 to 1881 marked awatershed for those communities in the west where seasonal migration was particularly prevalent.External factors, such as changing agricultural patterns in Britain and the permanent emigration oflabourers, brought about this transformation. Remittances from Britain and sub-division of holdingscould no longer support a family. Under such circumstances, new alternatives, in particular permanentemigration, were more attractive to small holders. Nevertheless, seasonal migration continued as anessential escape for the subsistence dwellers who remained, and who faced periodically the ravages ofcrop failures. Its demise also had repercussions for all those incorporated into the network of travellingabroad. No longer could shopkeepers and gombeenmen derive their main source of income from theannual migrants. Instead the permanent emigrants became the main financial source for thesecommunities. Seasonal migration had helped to maintain traditional economic and social structures inthe west of Ireland. Permanent migration brought this rural economy into line with the rest of Ireland.Notes1. A. O'Dowd, 'Rabbles and runaways, church gates and street corners, temporary workers and how they foundwork' in A. Bailey & D O'hOghan, (eds.), Gold under the Furze: Studies infolk tradition, (Dublin, n.d.), p.169.2. Con acre was the renting ofland, sometimes through agricultural labour, which allowed labourers raise a cropusually potatoes.3 .. James Macauley,Ireland in J872,A Tour ofObservation;(London, 1875), p. 262. Macauley maintained thatthe annual loss to Ireland from the failure to control weeds was £1.5 million.4. K. Clarke, 'Clew Bay Boating Disaster' in Cathair na Mart 6, (1986),p. 5. The fare from Weslport to Liverpoolwas 30/- by the 1890s, James E. Handley, The Irish in Modern Scotland, (Cork and Oxford, 1947), p. 147.5. The Midland Great Western R~ilway granted the reduction after representations from the clergy in theBallyhaunis area because of the migrants' difficulties in securing credit from shopkeepers. See Freeman'sJournal, 20 February, 1879.6. Annual Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland, Being the Ninth Report Under the LocalGovernment Board (Ireland) Act, H.C., 1881 (c. 2926), lvii,p. 63. For further infonnationondebt, shopkeepersand gombeenism see, Peter Gibbon and M.D. Higgins, 'Patronage, tradition and modernisation: the case ofthe Irish 'Gombeenman", Economic and Social Review, vi, no. 1 (October 1974), pp. 27-44: Peter Gibbonand M.D. Higgins, 'The Irish' gombeenman'; reincarnation or rehabilitation?', Economic and Social Review,vii~ no. 4 (July 1977), pp. 313-20.7. Connaught Telegraph, 10 January, 1880.8. At Westport Quarter Sessions Judge Richards pointed out that if postmasters or shopkeepers were unsure ofthe bona fide identity of the recipients they should refuse to hand over the money. Mayo Constitution, 5January, 1869.9. Report and Tables Relating to Migratory AgriculturalLabourersfor the year 1880, H.C. 1881 (C. 2809), xciii,pp. 7-10.10. Hansard, cclxvi, (1883), p. 303. .11. C. 6 Grada, 'Seasonal migration and post-famine adjustment in the west of Ireland' ,Studia Hibernica, 13,(1971), p. 61. It was officially estimated that only sixty per cent of migrants had left by the time the returnswere completed, see Handley, op.cit., p. 171.12. C. 6 Gnida, 'Agricultural head rents, pre-famine and post-famine', Economic and Social Review, v, no. 3,(April, 1974), p. 392; BallinaJournal, 18 August, 1884.13. J.W. Boyle, 'A marginal figure: The Irish rural labourer' in S. Clarke & J.S. Donnelly (eds), Irish Peasants:Violence and Political Unrest,1790-1914, (Manchester, 1983), p. 320; W. Neilson Hancock, 'On the equalimportance of education, poor law, cheap loans for small holders and the land question at the present crisis',Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland Journal, (April 1880), p. 54; Report of Her Majesty'sCommissioners of Inquiry into the Working of the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act, and the Acts AmendingSame, (Bessborough Commission), H.O. 1881/(c. 27791) xviii, p. 540 q.16759; p. 543 q.16682. Shaw at theBessborough Commission maintained that the labourers who were involved in seasonal migration hadcharacteristics more in common with English or Scottish labourers than with Irish labourers.
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- Page 1 and 2: JOURNAL OF THE IRISH LABOUR HISTORY
- Page 3 and 4: ContentsPageEditorial: Labour Histo
- Page 5 and 6: EDITORIAL 3freedom to participate i
- Page 7 and 8: CorrespondenceThe Irish Labour Part
- Page 9 and 10: ; ~ ; ,The Decline and Fall of Donn
- Page 11 and 12: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBROOK
- Page 13 and 14: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBROOK
- Page 15 and 16: ·' THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBR
- Page 17 and 18: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBROOK
- Page 19 and 20: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBROOK
- Page 21 and 22: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBROOK
- Page 23 and 24: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF DONNYBROOK
- Page 25 and 26: ,'-,;-''''.A PASSAGE TO BRITAIN 23C
- Page 27 and 28: A PASSAGE TO BRITAIN 25only in the
- Page 29 and 30: A PASSAGE TO BRITAIN 27clothing._De
- Page 31: A PASSAGE TO BRITAIN 29established
- Page 35 and 36: LOUIE BENNETI 33feminist movement w
- Page 37 and 38: :... ~: ."
- Page 39 and 40: -.- '.LOUlE BENNETT 37While there i
- Page 41 and 42: LOUIE ~ENNEIT 39Xl's encyclical Qua
- Page 43 and 44: LOUIE BENNEIT 41Bennett's own relat
- Page 45 and 46: LODIE BENNETT 43109; IWWU resolutio
- Page 47 and 48: Essays in ReviewCosherers, Wanderer
- Page 49 and 50: ••• .".'. >. '~"ESSA YS IN RE
- Page 51 and 52: ESSAYS IN REVIEW 49ConnolIy:Myth an
- Page 53 and 54: ESSAYS IN ~EVIEW 51tion' in the Int
- Page 55 and 56: ESSAYS IN REVIEW53International:'I
- Page 57 and 58: REVIEWScontroversy is real history.
- Page 59 and 60: REVIEWSJoe Monks was among the earl
- Page 61 and 62: REVIEWSnolly-Column Song','Proudly
- Page 63 and 64: REVIEWSresulting from the arrival o
- Page 65 and 66: REVIEWS,63the book by means of an a
- Page 67 and 68: REVIEWSlogue, it is hardly surprisi
- Page 69 and 70: The Team For All Workers ...CULIAIB
- Page 71 and 72: ESSAYS 69mission and moral refonn.l
- Page 73 and 74: .. ...... ~.~ -~ .'- '.ESSAYS. 71fr
- Page 75 and 76: ESSAYS 73claimed authority but whic
- Page 77 and 78: ESSAYS 75provided the basis for soc
- Page 79 and 80: ESSAYS 779. For comparisons see E.T
- Page 81 and 82: ESSAYS 7952. Annals of Christ Churc
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ESSAYS' 81Fianna Fail and the Worki
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ESSAYS 83Eireann in 1925 visibly di
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ESSAYS 85recognition of the impract
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ESSAYS 871970, it created the condi
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ESSAYS89The Irish Immigrants' Contr
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ESSAYS" 91Although anti -Catholic p
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ESSAYS 93McCowie played a key role
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:. -,,'.' ',. .~.,:.ESSAYS 95Althou
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ESSAYS 97young girl of their own ba
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SourcesIrish Labour History Society
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SOURCES 101INovember, 1971 to no. 1
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SOURCES 103would claim credit for t
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SOURCES105Sources for Irish Labour
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SOURCES 107NorthWest Archives and L
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SOURCES 109In 1966 the Finnish gove
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TURNINGANEWLEAFThe CPSSUis the larg
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REMINISCENCE 113us due to my politi
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REMINISCENCE 115when Jim was presen
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REMINISCENCE 117of Dail Eireann. 17
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REMINISCENCE 119NotesThe above arti
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DOCUMENT STUDY 121James Connolly in
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DOCUMENT STUDY123SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC
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DOCUMENT STUDY 125proletariat of th
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DOCUMENT STUDY 127the support of Je
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DOCUMENT STUDY 12926. The Workers'
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131BibliographyA Bibliography of Ir
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 133Compton, P.A. Demog
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 135Levine, I. and Madd
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 137Turner, M. 'Towards
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1394. Land and Agricul
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 141Clogher Record12 (2
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 143Political Research
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 145Pres, 1987.O'Brien,
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147Notes on Contributorsf onathanBe
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1901: Ireland's first general union
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ELECTRICAL TRADES UNION .Establishe