48 LABOUR'S WRONGS ANDbenefited; conseqiiently, society is a state presentingan uninterrupted succession of advantages for all itsmembers."The subject of exchanges is one on which too muchattention cannot be bestowed by the productive classes ;for it is more by tlie infraction of this third condition bythe capitalist, than by all other causes united, that inequalityof condition is produced <strong>and</strong> maintained, <strong>and</strong> theworking man offered up, hound h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> foot, a sacrificeupon the altar of Mammon.From the very nature of labour <strong>and</strong> exclrange, strictjustice not only requires that all exchangers should bemutual~y, but that they should liltewise be equally,benefitetl. Men have only two things lr~hich they callexchange with each other, namely, labour, an(1 the produceof labour; therefore, let tliem exclrange as they mill, theyrnerely give, as it were, labour for 1abo11r. If a just systemof exchanges were acted upon, the value of all articleswould be determined by the entire cost of production;<strong>and</strong> equul values should nbuays exchange for equalvalues.If, for instance, it talte a hatter one day to nlalte a hat,<strong>and</strong> a shoemalcer the same time to m:\lce a pair of shoessupposingthe material used by each to be of the samevalue-<strong>and</strong> they exchange these articles with each other,they are not on1 mutually but equally benefited: theadvantage derive( r by either party cannot he a disadvantageto the other, as each has given the same amount oflabour, <strong>and</strong> the materials made use of by each were ofequal value. But if the hatter should obtain two air ofshoes for one hat-time <strong>and</strong> valoe of material being asbefore-the exchange ~i~orild clearly he an unjust one. Thehatter woulil defraud the shoemalter of one day's labour;<strong>and</strong> were tlre former to act thus in all his exchanges, hewould receive, for the 1:~hour of I~nlf a year, the productof some other person's dole year ; therefore tile gain ofthe first would necessarily be a loss to tlre last.We have tleretofore acted upon no other than this mostunjust system of exchanges-the worlcmen have given thecapitalist the labour of a wlrole year, in exchange for thevalue of only llalf a year-<strong>and</strong> from this, <strong>and</strong> not fromthe assumed ineqr~ality of bodily <strong>and</strong> mental powers inintfividuals, has arisen the inequality of wealth <strong>and</strong> powerwhich at present exists around US. It is an inevitablecDlldition of inequality of exchanges-of buying at one price*]ling at anotller-that o?pitxlists shall continue tobe GTpitalist~, <strong>and</strong> worliing men be working men-the onea class of tyrants <strong>and</strong> tlre other a class of slaves-toeternity. By equality of exchanges, 'however, tlo ablebodiedindividual can exist, as thous<strong>and</strong>s now do, nnless hefulfil that cocdition of the economist, "that there stlall belabour ;" nor can one class appropriate the produce of thelabour of another class, as the capitalists now appropriateenjoy the wealth :vl~ich the powers of the workingman tlailp c:tll into cxistcllce. It is inequality of excliangeswlricli enables one class to live in luxury ancl idleness, <strong>and</strong>dooms anotlker to incessant toil.13y the present unjust :lnd iuiqriitolls systern, exchangesare not only not mntually benetici;il to all pi~rties, as tlrcpolitical econo~nists have ~sscrted, but it is l)l;tin, fro111 thevery nature of :in cschange, that there is, ill ~nostr:rnsactionsbetween the c;ipit:ilist aud tlie producer, nftcr theJirst remove, no exchange ~vllatever. At1 exchange impliesthe giving of one thing for another. But what is it thatthe capitalist, whether he be manufiicturer or l<strong>and</strong>ed proprietor,~ives in exchange for the labour of the workingman ? rhe capitalist glves no labour, for he does not~ilnrk-he gives no capital, for lris store of wealth is beirigperpetually a~~gmentetl. It is certain that the capitalistcan have otlly his labour or his capital to escliange againstthe labour of the vorlting man ; ant1 if, as we daily see,the capitalist gives no labour, <strong>and</strong> his original stock ofcapital does not decrease, he cannot in the nature of things~nalte an exchange with anything that belongs to himself.The \vhole transaction, therefore, plainly shews that thempitalists <strong>and</strong> proprietors do no more thau give theworking man, for his labour of olw \ve~li, n part of thewealth which they nbtainctl from him the week before !-which just amor~nts to giving him nothing for something<strong>and</strong>is a method of doing business \vhich, lrowever consnnantwith the establishetl usages of the present system, isby no means co~npatible with a morlcing man's itleas ofjustice. Tlre \reititti whiclr tlle capitalist appears to givein eschange for the \vorliman's labour \\.as generateclneither by tl~c IaI,our nor the riches of the capitalist, butit was origini~ll~ oi)tainetl l)y the labour of the workmarr ;<strong>and</strong> it is still daily taken from Iiim, by a lfri~udulc~lt
system of unequal exchanges. Tl~e whole transaction,therefore, between the producer <strong>and</strong> the capitalist, is apalpable deception, a mere fdrce: it is, in factJ inthous<strong>and</strong>s of iostances, no other than a barefaced tIlouglllegalised robbery, 6y means of which the capitalists <strong>and</strong>proprietors contrive to fasten themselves upon the productiveclasses, <strong>and</strong> sucli from them tlreir whole substance.Those who assist not in production can never justly beexchangers, for tlrey have nothing on wl~ich to dralv, <strong>and</strong>therefore nothing which tlrey can exchange. No man 'possesses any ~ratural <strong>and</strong> inherent ~'c;~lt!r within lrimself-he has merely a capabilily oj'laboriring ; therefore, if sman possess any created wealth-any capital-<strong>and</strong> lravcnever made use of this capal)ility, :irrtl 11;rvc never Ii~bo~~rcd,the wealtl~ whic11 Ilc holtls in ~~osseusion cannot rightly belongto him. It n111st I~clong to some persons who havecreated it by labour; for capital is not self-existent. Tlrevast accumulations now in Great Britain, tlrcreforc-asthey are neither the production of tlrc labollr of thepresent race of capitalists nor tlreir predecessors, <strong>and</strong> werenever given to them in exchange for any such labour-donot belong to tlre capitalists either on the principle ofcreation or the principle of exchange. Nor arc thrytheirs by right of heirship ; for having been producednationally, they can only justly be inherited by the nationas a whole. 'ffrus, view the matter as we will, there is tobe seen no towering pile of wealth that has not been,scraped togetlrer by rapacity-no transaction between tlreman of labour <strong>and</strong> the man of money, tlrat is not clraracterised by fraud <strong>and</strong> injustice.Here, then, is demonstration, flowing naturally fromfacts, that tlrc three great conditions which the ecor~omistsacknowledge to be rCrrecessarp to the support, comfort, <strong>and</strong>pleasure of human life," arc almost unheeded, <strong>and</strong> two ofthem totally unacted upon, by the capitalists themselves.The law which says
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connection with the established gor
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atocks of metal in the banks decrea
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156 LABOUR'S WRONGS IXDpower of suc
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The opinion entertained of a man by
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tastes and ignorant appliances of t
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then wlll the unknown and now unapp
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the protluctive classes must still
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176 LABOUR'S WRONGS ANDgalling fett
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character of these arrangements in
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all these companies, and estenlls t
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exchanges. " 1\11 evidence," also,
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206 LABOUR'S JI1I'ICONGS ANDmills i
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2 10 LACOUR'S WRONGS ANDup1)er clas
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In regarding any nntf every ren~edy